Since its first implementation with bitcoin
back in 2008, blockchain has shown extreme promise to upend a number of
industries – and most recently, the industry in the spotlight has been
transport and logistics. In December, logistics leader UPS joined the
Blockchain in Transport Alliance. In January, Maersk and IBM announced their
intention to form a blockchain joint venture. And in February, Warren Buffet’s
BNSF Railway joined the Blockchain in Transport Alliance as the first of seven
major railroads to do so.

To understand more about this industry
transition, Transmetrics’ Co-Founder and CCO Anna Shaposhnikova spoke with
Martijn Siebrand, expert and advisor in blockchain technology in Supply Chains.

ANNA: The first question for you today…
Blockchain is a relatively new technology. Could you please introduce, in
short, the history of blockchain, when and how it appeared – and in which
industry? Also, what were the reasons it was created in the first place?

“Put simply, blockchain is an open ledger of
transactions that is distributed among computers in a given network. Since
everyone on the shared blockchain has access to the same ledger of
transactions, there is complete transparency making it impossible for users to
trick the system.”

MARTIJN: The first product of blockchain was
bitcoin, which, to date, still remains the best example of blockchain in
practice. The inventor of bitcoin actually wanted to exclude banks from the
financial system, and developed blockchain as a way to do this. When a
transaction occurs, 51% of devices on the network must verify and confirm the transaction
as valid, which thereby eliminates the need for a third party control – which,
in the case of bitcoin, for example, means banks.

ANNA: So, bitcoin was the first use case of
blockchain. But what other blockchain products exist now, and in which cases
they are applied?

MARTIJN: At first, we saw a lot of activities
where people were using the bitcoin protocol to build other blockchain
solutions, but now, most blockchain products are being built using other
protocols like Ethereum, which is known for its “smart contracts.” A smart
contract is a program/software that allows you to make all kinds of rules and
Softline codes – such as “if X happens then Z appears” – that automate the
execution of a transaction if and when all of the set criteria are met. Lately,
we’ve seen a lot of products being created with smart contracts, and even some
big companies are using them internally to reduce administration costs by
giving everyone access to the same information – a historic struggle for the
logistics industry.

These smart contracts are particularly
interesting for logistics because, without the help of a trusted party, you can
automatically execute supply chain activities. As soon as you have a single
ledger of information visible to all parties, processes become much more
efficient and move faster, which can help reduce their cost. Most blockchain
solutions that you see right now are permission-based with predefined ecosystem
partners, and are created for reducing the cost, eliminating paperwork and
gaining efficiency. And while smart contracts are perfect for logistics, their
implementation in the industry is still in its early stages.

ANNA: Can you elaborate a bit more on what you
mean by the technology being in its early stages?

MARTIJN: What I mean by that is that it is very
similar to the early days of the internet and intranet. Most of the blockchain
solutions in logistics these days, such as that of IBM and Maersk, for
example, use closed, permission-based
blockchains – just as the intranet was once used to limit access to a closed
network. This type of solution is currently being used for various purposes
within finance, where it is important to ask permission from the owner before
joining the blockchain network.

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Заключение:

Ex.10. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант(ы) из трёх предложенных.

1) Henry Ford is famous for _____.

a) his charitable activities

b) introducing the new technique of industrial production

c) building luxurious cars to order

2) “Fordismus” entered the European vocabulary as a word meaning _____.

a) Model T Ford

b) assembly line

c) mass production

3) At 16, Ford walked to Detroit and _____.

a) formed the Ford Motor Company

b) worked as a night mechanic

c) apprenticed himself to a mechanic in a repair shop

4) Having introduced the assembly-line technology Ford considerably increased _____

a) the speed of production

b) the price of the cars

c) the number of workers

5) Ford contributed more that $40 million to _____.

a) the development of the first car

b) the Detroit Automobile Company

c) charitable causes

Ex.11. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста. Используйте фразы: It is true. It is false. It is partly true. Исправьте неверные высказывания.

1) Ford built his first car in a little shed behind his house. True

2) In 1899, Ford formed the Detroit Automobile Company, which produced cheap cars in large quantities. False

In 1899, Ford helped organize the Detroit Automobile Company, which built cars to order for wealthy clients. Ford wanted to produce automobiles in quantity and at a price within the reach of many.

3) Henry Ford introduced mass production assembly line for car manufacturing. True

4) Ford established a minimum wage of $5 daily, which was less than double the standard pay rate for the industry. Partly true

He established an eight-hour working day, a five-day working week and a minimum wage of $5 daily which was more than double the standard pay rate for the industry.

5) During World War II, Ford headed a party of pacifists to Norway in a successful attempt to end the war. False

During World War I, Ford headed a party of pacifists to Norway in a failed attempt to end the war.

6) Henry Ford II took charge of the Ford Motor Company in 1945. True

7) Greenfield Village constructed by Ford is a living museum representing the process of America’s development. Partly true

He also constructed Greenfield Village as a living museum representing the process of America’s industrialization.

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В А Р И А Н Т 3

Ex.1. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён групп Indefinite [Present, Past, Future], Continuous [Present, Past, Future] и Perfect [Present, Past, Future] в действительном [Active] и страдательном [Passive] залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

Model: The company has risen above its early problems, and is now doing well.

Компания справилась со своими проблемами и сейчас процветает.

has risen – Present Perfect Active (to rise)

is doing – Present Continuous Active (to do)

1) In the United States, the first government employment agencies were established in the 19th century, when the economy was expanding rapidly and there were often not enough laborers available.

В Соединенных Штатах первые правительственные агентства по трудоустройству были созданы в 19-м веке, когда экономика быстро росла, и часто не хватало рабочих.

were established – Past Simple Passive (to establish)

was expanding – Past Simple Active (to expand)

2) Japanese Railways Company has banned the passengers to use their mobiles on suburban trains.

A lot of complaints have been received by the company because passengers, speaking on their cellular phones are shouting too loud and disturbing others.

Компания «Японские железные дороги» запретила пассажирам пользоваться мобильными телефонами в пригородных поездах.

Компания получила много жалоб, потому что пассажиры, разговаривая по своим сотовым телефонам, кричат слишком громко и мешают другим.

has banned – Present Perfect Active (to ban)

have been received – Present Perfect Passive (to receive)

are shouting – Present Continuous (to shout)

3) The exchange of goods between twelve member-countries of European Union became much more convenient and rapid after euro had been put in circulation.

Обмен товарами между двенадцатью странами-членами Европейского Союза стал намного более удобным и быстрым после введения евро в обращение.

became – Past Simple Active (to become)

had been put – Past Perfect Passive (to put)

4) In the USA, five major toy-producing companies are competing now in quality and product design, though in general the toy industry is blooming and the share prices are raising steadily.

So, the toys bring joy not only to kids but to grown-up shareholders as well.

В США пять крупных компаний-производителей игрушек конкурируют в настоящее время по качеству и дизайну продукции, хотя в целом индустрия игрушек процветает, а цены на акции неуклонно растут.

Так что игрушки приносят радость не только детям, но и взрослым акционерам.

are competing – Present Continuous Active (to compete)

is blooming – Present Continuous Active (to bloom)

are raising – Present Continuous Active (to raise)

bring – Present Simple Active (to bring)

Ex.2. Перепишите предложения, выбрав соответствующую форму сказуемого [Active or Passive], и переведите их.

1) The British Government [has announced; has been announced] recently that expenditures for social programs [will cut; will be cut] next year.

The British Government has announced recently that expenditures for social programs will be cut next year.

Недавно британское правительство объявило, что в следующем году расходы на социальные программы будут сокращены.

2) All the goods [were selling; were being sold] at cost prices in this department store the whole month.

All the goods were being sold at cost prices in this department store the whole month.

Весь товар продавался по себестоимости в этом универмаге целый месяц.

3) The Greek merchant marine is one of the largest in the world, and several families – notably the Onassis, Niarchos, and Livanos – [have made; have been made] fortunes in shipping.

The Greek merchant marine is one of the largest in the world, and several families – notably the Onassis, Niarchos, and Livanos – have made fortunes in shipping.

Греческий торговый флот является одним из крупнейших в мире, и несколько семей — особенно Онасси, Ниархос и Ливанос — сделали состояние в судоходстве.

4) A French economist and diplomat, Jean Monnet [played; was played] a major role in the recovery and the modernization of the economy of France and Europe, which [had shattered; had been shattered] by World War II.

A French economist and diplomat, Jean Monnet played a major role in the recovery and the modernization of the economy of France and Europe, which had been shattered by World War II.

Французский экономист и дипломат Жан Моннэ сыграл важную роль в восстановлении и модернизации экономики Франции и Европы, которая была разрушена Второй мировой войной.

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