Статья на тему Грамматические аспекты англо-русского перевода и их преподавание

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. Typical ways of a sentences transforming in translation process from English to Russian
Despite the rather high accuracy in the formal grammatical terms, in the examples of translation in practice there are still a number of discrepancies that are inevitable. As a rule, sentences in English are somewhat more voluminous because sometimes translation requires more words. Thus, within translation some combinations, it is necessary to use several times more English words because of the contradiction of the literal translation of the English grammar. So, the noun “clothes” is represented by the singular form in the Russian language, but in the English language has the plural form — “clothes”. Small permutations or additions within phrases, as well as instances of change of grammatical categories, are also typical of “exact” translation, they are constant when translated from Russian into English. The qualified translation originates from the moment when the grammatical structure of the sentence is disclosed. Grammatical transformation of the text can be complete or partial, depending on the amount of change in the structure of the sentence. Usually a complete transformation takes place with the replacement of the main members of the sentence, and partial transformation takes place with the replacement of the secondary members of the sentence.
Depending on the nature of the original units of a foreign language in the process of transformation, all transformations in translation should be divided into lexical and grammatical transformations. In addition, mixed lexical-grammatical transformations are also used separately. Transformations in them are either inter-level or simultaneously applied to the lexical and grammatical units of the original, thus making the transition from grammatical units to lexical units and vice versa. Transformations can affect also those forms that have a direct match in other contexts. That is, they apply to any grammatical forms. Quite often, when translating from English into Russian, there is a discrepancy between the functions of verbal forms, noun phrases and other grammatical units. This discrepancy is mainly due to differences in cultural and speech traditions regarding this type of context, and not typological differences. [12, p. 306]
It should be noted that each language is characterized by the existence of a certain set of complex syntactic structures. In some cases they are replaced by simple constructions due to the fact that their complexity is also determined by the difference in the forms of expression of syntactic relations in the two contacting languages. A common phenomenon in the process of translation is the transition from single sentences to full sentences.
Linguists separately distinguish the category of grammatical transformations within translation from English into Russian. This type of transformation is a transformation of the sentence structure of the original language in the translation process in accordance with the norms of the translated language. So, V.N. Komissarov identifies the following main types of grammatical transformations:
— syntactic assimilation in the form of a literal translation;
— division of the sentence into parts;
— consolidation of proposals;
— grammatical substitutions of a member of a sentence, the form of a word or part of speech.
A literal translation is a translation method in which the syntactic structure of the original is converted into a similar structure of the translation language. This method is otherwise called the «zero» transformation and is used in cases where parallel syntactic structures exist in English and Russian. This method can lead to full compliance with the number of language units and the order of their location in the original and translation. However, the use of the literal translation implies some changes in the structural components. For example, when translating from English into Russian, such service elements as articles, verbs, and other verbs may be omitted, as well as changes in morphological forms and some lexical units.
One of the common methods of transformation during translation is a permutation, which is a change in the location and order of the language elements in the translation language corresponding to the elements of the original language. Words, phrases, elementary sentences within a complex, part of a complex sentence and independent sentences in the whole text system can be rearranged during translation. As a rule, the permutation is used under condition of the sequence of elements that is determined by different speech traditions and conditions, with a common meaning.