Реферат на тему Verb: The Categories of Person and Number.

Содержание:

Introduction. 3

Chapter I. Theoretical aspects of English. 5

1.1 General characteristics of English verb. 5

1.2 The categories of the English verb. 8

Chapter II. Theoretical aspects of English verbs. 10

2.1The category of voice. 10

Conclusion. 14

Bibliography. 16

Введение:

Grammatical categories of the English verb are the subject of numerous
works of a general and special nature on the theory and history of the
grammatical structure of the English language. In terms of the number forms,
grammatical categories, and detailed notation of grammatical meaning, the verb
has no equal. There are many works of a general and special nature on the
theory and practice of the grammatical structure of English, the subject of
which is the grammatical categories of the English verb. Grammatical categories
of English verb are the subject of numerous works of a general and special
nature on the theory and history of the grammatical structure of English. The
paper deals with the question of how the verbal categories developed in
English. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the study of the
verb and verbal forms is particularly difficult when learning a foreign
language. The study of the verb as a grammatical category was carried out by
such outstanding linguists as Fr. Espersen, S. Moore, V. N. Yartseva, M. I.
Bloch and such scientists as G. Quirk, R. Hogg, K. Brunner and others. The functional features of the grammatical categories of the verb in
English are reduced to the expression of certain generalized components of the
meaning of the utterance, depending on the intention of the speaker (writer),
and in form — they serve to coordinate with the subject in person and number.

— Voice category expresses the relation of a verbal attribute to the
subject, reflects whether the person or object expressed by the subject
performs the action, or whether it itself experiences this action;

— category of aspect — how to perform an action in time;

— mood category — the speaker’s attitude to a particular action or state,
the perception of this action as a fact or assumption, the expression of an
order or advice;

— category of tense — the ratio of the action to the moment of speech.

The theory of the verb category in linguistic science has a long history
and is based on several hypotheses.

The purpose of the paper: to study the categories of the verb in English;
to describe the normative dynamic system of English verb forms. To achieve the
goal of the study, the following tasks were put forward:

1. to consider the verb as part of speech;

2. to trace the development of categorical forms of the English verb;

The object of the study is a verb in English.

The subject of the study is the categories of the verb in English.

Research methods: descriptive, comparative-historical, the method of
direct components of the verb.

The theoretical value of the research is in
elaboration of certain aspects of verbs in English grammar.

The practical value is in the possibility to apply its
results in special courses of Grammar of the English language.

The work consists of
introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and the reference list of the works
used.

The first chapter of
the work, the theoretical part is devoted to the definition and types of verbs.

The second part includes
questions on categorical forms of the English verb.

In the conclusion of the paper I tried to draw some
results from the investigations made within the main part of my work.

Заключение:

The Verb is a part of speech and denotes an action or state. Taking into
account the meaning of the verb and its role in the sentence, we divide the
entire verb system of the English language into the following components:
semantic verbs (notional verbs), service verbs (semi-auxiliary verbs), and
auxiliary verbs (auxiliary verbs). The verb in English had four grammatical
categories: numbers, persons, tenses, and moods. Distinguish between singular
and plural. The category of the person represents three forms: 1st, 2nd and
3rd.

 In linguistic terminology,
"tense" is a part of verbal paradigm that refers specifically to the
time of an utterance. It is impossible for any language to have more than three
tenses in this sense, since any action is either past, present, or future.

The verb tense is a grammatical category, through the forms of which the
temporal relationship between the process indicated by this form of the verb and
the moment of the speech is determined by one way or another. In English
grammar, a mood is the way someone expresses something with a statement, a
wish, or a command. Mood is a grammatical category that shows the speaker’s
attitude to the action expressed by the verb, from the point of view of
reality. In English, there are three moods: indicative, imperative and
subjunctive.

The form of the voice indicates whether the subject in the offer (person
or object) is the producer or the object of the action expressed by the
predicate.

Passive voice shows that the person or object expressed by the subject
is affected by the action: The big cake was baked by Sam.

Passive voice is used when the performer of the action is obvious or
insignificant, or when the action or its result is more interesting than the
performer.

In order to get the form of a verb in the passive voice, you need an
auxiliary verb to be in the appropriate time, person and number and the past
participle (Participle II) of the meaningful verb: This building will be
demolished next month. My dog has been stolen.

We use the active voice in sentences like this one, and it shows who is
doing the acting (we are) and what is being acted on (the active voice). But
the passive voice is often used in more formal sentences, like this one, where
the actor-here, the invisible writer of this sentence, who is the one using the
passive voice-is hidden from view.

Comparing the active and passive voice, we can see that the action in
the active voice comes from the participant or the carrier of the verbal sign,
as having a centrifugal orientation towards it, with the passive voice directed
at it, as centripetal towards it.

The passive voice shows that the subject is acted upon, that it is the
recipient of the action. This voice has a lot of peculiarities of usage.

The passive voice is formed using the appropriate tense of the verb to
be + the past participle of the verb. In many cases, when the active
construction is changed into the passive, it is better to omit the agent.

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter
I. Theoretical aspects of English

1.1 General characteristics of English verb

The verb (the Verb) is a part of speech that denotes an action or state.
The entire verbal system of the English language is devited into the following
components: semantic verbs (notional verbs), service (semi-auxiliary verbs) and
auxiliary (auxiliary verbs).

So the verb can be described as word denoting action (to walk, to speak,
to play, to study), process (to sleep, to wait, to live), state (to be, to
like, to know), relation (to consist, to resemble, to lack) and etc. Verbs are
an essential component of a sentence. They can describe an action, state or
occurrence and form the main part of the predicate of a sentence.

Semantic (independent) verbs have their own lexical meaning; they denote
a certain action or state. Auxiliary verbs have no independent meaning. They
are only used to construct complex verb forms or compound predicates. In
compound predicates conjugate it service verbs, with their help, we can express
the person, number and time.

English verbs have four basic forms: indefinite (indefinite), the form
of simple past tense (Past Simple), the first participle I present tense
(present participle), the second participle II past tense (past participle).

According to their structure, there are four types of verbs in English:
simple (words of one root) consist of a base without prefixes and suffixes: to
bake (oven), to leave (go). Derived (in addition to the root there is a prefix
or suffix): to mislead (misleading), to recharge (recharge). Complex
(consisting of two roots) consist of two bases: to proofread (to read, to
check). Composite (consisting directly of a verb and a preposition or adverb).

Phrasal – consists of
the verb + adverb\preposition: to turn out (to be), to look up (to be found in
the dictionary). The structure of a phrasal verb (including its complement)
cannot be divided by an adverb, it can only be put before or after “ "I
help her out often" / "I often help her out", but not "I
help often her out" In verb + preposition combinations, the adverb can be
placed absolutely correctly between