Реферат на тему The historical development of English compounds. Miscellanea of composition

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION.. 3

1. THE
WORD FORMATION SYSTEM.. 4

1.1. Concept
and types of word formation. 4

2. ENGLISH
COMPOUNDS AS A TYPE OF WORD FORMATION.. 6

2.1. The
historical development of English compounds. 6

2.2. General
characteristics and classification of compound words. 8

CONCLUSION.. 14

REFERENCES. 15

Введение:

Composition
reflects the specifics of the language, as along with the features common to
many languages it has national characteristics that are defined only for this
language. The analytical structure of the English language, the wide use of
word order as a means of expressing lexical and grammatical relations explains
the existence of a large number of complex words.

A
compound word consists of two or more full stems that can be used independently
in the language as free forms. The word obtained as a result of addition is a
single whole, a new concept not equal to the sum of its constituent meanings.

The
goal of the library research is to analyze the development and characteristics
of English compounds.

Based
on the goal the following tasks were set:

1. To research the development and main features of English
compounds.

2. To analyze different types of compounds in English.

Заключение:

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. THE WORD FORMATION SYSTEM

1.1. Concept and types of word formation

Various
ways of enriching the vocabulary of the language are combined under the general
name word formation. The most important of these is the morphological method, where
new words are created by combining morphemes. At the same time, a new word is
formed by a new sound complex, that is, more precisely by a new combination of
elements already existing in the language.

The
morphological way of word formation, in turn, is divided into several subtypes,
namely:

1.
Affix word production or, as this method is also called, affixation or
derivation, or simply word production (derivation), i.e. the creation of new
words by attaching certain derivational elements — affixes to the base.

So,
for example, the word lucky is formed
by joining to a non-derivative stem of luck
suffix -y, and the word unlucky by
attaching the prefix un- to the
derivative stem of lucky. By joining to derivative stems lucky and unlucky the adverbial suffix -1у, the corresponding
adverbs appear: luckily, unluckily.

2.
Composition — very ancient but still a productive way to create new words by combining
two or more stems into one whole:

black + board = blackboard, ink + pot
= inkpot, text + book = textbook.

3.
Sound interchange is an unproductive way of word formation, in which the
phonetic composition of the root changes:

bite, v. — bit, p .; food, item —
feed, v .; sing, v.— song, n

4.
Abbreviation (shortening) means the method when the original word loses one or
more sounds:

vacation — vac; telephone — phone

5.
Doubling (reduplication) with repetition of the stem: murmur.

Less
developed than morphological, but very productive in modern English is the
morphological-syntactic method, that is, word formation without changing the
basic form of the original word or conversion, in which both a new syntactic
compatibility and a new morphological characteristic always take place, since a
new word belongs to a different part of speech than the original one. So, in
the example below, all verbs are formed from nouns without changing the basic
form and at the same time received a new paradigm and new syntactic
compatibility:

Not papered, carpeted, mirrored and
curtained his room.

In
this case, the word receives not only a new meaning, but also new grammatical
properties, a new paradigm, and, consequently, new phonetic complexes appear. [1]

If
the conversion is characterized as a morphological-syntactic way, this does not
mean that the new syntactic compatibility and the new paradigm do not take place
in words formed by other means. On the contrary, read and reader, and speak
and speech also differ in paradigm and syntactic compatibility, but their
word-formation role in these cases is less noticeable, since there are other
means, namely, a special word-formation affix -er and the alternation of sounds
at the root [k ] — [tf].

The
emergence of a new lexical unit is not necessarily associated with the
emergence of a new sound complex, with a change in syntactic compatibility and
paradigm. Changes can be limited only to the semantic side of a word. Such word
formation is called lexico-semantic. For example, film – to film, by changing the value a film — motion picture is
formed.