Реферат на тему Тема на выбор автора: «Ecological problems in big cities, particular in Moscow»

Содержание:

Introduction. 3

Chapter 1. Ecology of cities. 5

1.1………. The impact of the
environment on the health of the urban population. 5

1.2…………………………………………………………………… Condition
of the air basin. 7

1.3. The main directions of solving
the problem of reducing environmental pollution by motor transport 9

Chapter 2. Environmental
problems of Moscow.. 11

Conclusion. 14

List of literature references. 16

Введение:

At all stages of his development, man was closely
connected with the outside world. But since the emergence of a highly
industrial society, dangerous human interference in nature has sharply
intensified, the scope of this intervention has expanded, it has become more
diverse and now threatens to become a global danger for humanity.

The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is
increasing, more and more arable land is being eliminated from the economy, as
cities and factories are being built on them. Man has to interfere more and
more in the economy of the biosphere — that part of our planet in which life
exists.

The Earth’s biosphere is currently undergoing
increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, it is possible to identify
several of the most significant processes, any of which does not improve the
ecological situation on the planet. The most extensive and significant is
chemical pollution of the environment with substances of a chemical nature that
are not characteristic of it.

The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
is also progressing. Further development of this process will strengthen the
undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the
planet.

The topic of my paper is "Ecological problems in
big cities, particular in Moscow". This topic is very relevant, because a
city (especially a large city) is the model of society that gave birth to it.
And all the trends of modern society reflect not only the realities of today,
but also act as a predictor of the problems that this society will inevitably
face in the future.

Therefore, the purpose of my essay is to consider some
of the global problems faced by people living in big cities, and I want to pay
attention to several disadvantages of "engines of progress".

I set myself the following tasks:

— will identify the environmental problems of large
cities;

— consider the environmental problems of Moscow;

— identify ways to solve problems.

In our country, decisive
measures have already been taken to combat the environmental consequences of
unplanned urban development. The state of the environment in the cities of our
country has improved markedly, but the environmental problems of cities
remained quite acute.

To the traditional sources of
environmental pollution, new ones were added, the role of which was constantly
increasing. This primarily applied to road transport, which is currently the
main source of air pollution in cities, as well as the main source of noise.

In turn, cities, being major
transport hubs, have become, as it were, the center of grid pollution of the
natural environment along the highways leading to it.

Заключение:

Despite the fact that each of the global problems discussed has
its own partial or more complete solutions, there is a certain set of common
approaches to solving environmental problems. In addition, over the past
century, humanity has developed a number of original ways to combat its own
nature-destroying shortcomings. Such methods (or possible ways to solve the
problem) include the emergence and activity of various kinds of
"green" movements and organizations.

In addition to the notorious "Green Peace", which
differs not only in the scope of its activities, but also, at times, noticeable
extremism of actions, as well as similar organizations directly conducting
environmental actions, there is another type of environmental organizations —
structures that stimulate and sponsor environmental activities — such as the
Wildlife Fund. In addition to various kinds of associations defending the
rights of civilization to the nature that it is gradually destroying, there are
a number of state or public environmental initiatives in the field of solving
environmental problems.

For example, environmental legislation in Russia and other
countries of the world, various international agreements or the system of
"Red Books". Among the most important ways to solve environmental
problems, most researchers also single out the introduction of environmentally
friendly, low- and waste-free technologies, the construction of treatment
facilities, rational placement of production and the use of natural resources.

Although, undoubtedly — and this proves the whole course of human
history — the most important direction of solving the environmental problems
facing civilization should be called the improvement of human ecological
culture, serious environmental education and upbringing, all that eradicates
the main environmental conflict — the conflict between the savage consumer and
the intelligent inhabitant of a fragile world that exists in the human mind.

All processes in the biosphere are interconnected. Humanity is
only an insignificant part of the biosphere, and man is only one of the types
of organic life — Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens). Reason singled out man from the
animal world and gave him enormous power.

For centuries, man has striven not to adapt to the natural
environment, but to make it comfortable for his existence. Now we have realized
that any human activity has an impact on the environment, and the deterioration
of the state of the biosphere is dangerous for all living beings, including
humans.

A comprehensive study of a person, his relationship with the world
around him led to the understanding that health is not only the absence of
diseases, but also the physical, mental and social well-being of a person.
Health is a capital given to us not only by nature from birth, but also by the
conditions in which we live.

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter 1. Ecology of cities Initially, it is necessary to find out what an
environmental problem is. According to ecologist N.F. Reimers, these are any
phenomena related to the human impact on nature and the reversible effects of
nature on man and his vital processes.

But the environmental problems of the city are
extremely difficult to divide into groups. There are at least three groups of
environmental problems: natural landscape, resource-economic and
anthropoecological.

The urban environment is a complex, key concept. The
study of the properties and features of the urban environment opens the way to
the knowledge of the city, its essence as a phenomenon. The urban environment
is the most important component of the city’s potential. It allows to realize
the creative potential of society and contributes to the accumulation of the
energy of society for moving forward[1]. 1.1. The impact of the environment
on the health of the urban population Environmental problems of cities, mainly the largest
of them, are associated with excessive concentration of population, transport
and industrial enterprises on relatively small territories, with the formation
of anthropogenic landscapes that are very far from the state of ecological
equilibrium.

To a large extent, atmospheric pollution affects the
health of the urban population. This is evidenced, in particular, by
significant differences in the incidence of the population in certain areas of
the same city. The change in the health of citizens is not only an indicator of
the ecological state of the metropolis, but also it’s most important
socio-economic consequence, which should determine the leading directions for
improving the quality of the environment. [1] Wilson Center [Electronic access] Economic Growth and Environmental Security in
Russia URL: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/economic-growth-and-environmental-security-russia#:~:text=Russia’s%20environmental%20problems%20include%20water,and%20declining%20biodiversity%2C%20Yablokov%20said.