Реферат на тему Standard English and Received pronunciation. The types and kinds of RP

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION.. 3

1.   Standard English. 4

1.1.   Concept of Standard English. 4

1.2.   Plurality of English language
standards. 6

2.   Received Pronunciation. Its types and
kinds. 8

2.1.   The characteristics of Received
Pronunciation. 8

2.2.   The classification of Received
Pronunciation. 11

CONCLUSION.. 17

REFERENCES  18

Введение:

A
number of geographical-historical and socio-cultural factors caused English to
become a global language. English consists of many varieties, each distinctive
in its use of sounds, grammar and vocabulary.

In
geographical variation we
distinguish 2 basic concepts: Dialect, Accent.

Dialect
is distinguished for its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. So there is
British English and American English (ing-in –lookin(g), walkin(g), h-drop
(ham-‘am)).

Linguists
point out that there are about 160 different accents of English in the world.
And each of them has its own peculiarities of the pronunciation of words.

Almost
in every city in Britain they speak slightly differently. Even within the same
locality, it often happens that there is no single accent. In London, for
example, there are four accents.

The
goal of the library research is to analyze Standard English and Received Pronunciation.

Based
on the goal the following tasks were set:

1. To research the main features of Standard English and
Received Pronunciation.

2. To analyze different types and kinds of Received Pronunciation.

Заключение:

Native
English speakers from different countries and regions use a variety of accents
and dialects. English accents are part of English dialects. Any dialect of
English has unique features in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The term
accent describes only the first of these, namely, pronunciation. In the UK,
accents and dialects vary widely across its different regions.

Standard English is typically seen as the most commonly
accepted form of English language in a particular region, usually a
geographical and political region such as a country. This means that different
countries that speak English may have different standard forms of English.

Received
Pronunciation has a fairly short history as an accent. When Dr Johnson wrote
his famous dictionary in 1757, he decided not
to include pronunciation guides, as even amongst the educated classes there was
no agreement about which forms were to be used as models. A later
lexicographer, Daniel Jones, used it in his English
Pronouncing Dictionary of 1916, by which time it had become
established as the accent of the establishment, whose sons throughout the 19th and early 20th century had
increasingly attended exclusive, privately-run schools such as Eton and Harrow
and had graduated from Cambridge and Oxford Universities.

In 1922 the
BBC adopted it as the ‘broadcasting standard’. The ‘received’ of RP
means ‘accepted’ or ‘approved’ – as in ‘received wisdom’. As the century wore
on, RP soon came to overshadow regional accents in prestige, although these
days the BBC no longer insists on RP, and one will hear a wide variety of regional accents if he watches their programmes.

RP is not a
static accent. It has changed over time and continues to change.

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. Standard English

1.1. Concept of Standard English

Standard
English is a controversial term for a form of the English language
that is written and spoken by educated users. Abbreviation: SE. Also known as Standard Written English
(SWE).

According to Tom McArthur in The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992),
the term Standard English «resists easy definition but is used
as if most educated people nonetheless know precisely what it refers to».

The term Standard
English refers to both an actual variety of language and an
idealized norm of English acceptable in many social situations. As a language
variety, Standard English is the language used in most public
discourse and in the regular operation of American social institutions. The news
media, the government, the legal profession, and the teachers in our schools
and universities all view Standard English as their proper mode of
communication, primarily in expository and argumentative writing,
but also in public
speaking. «Standard English is thus
different from what is normally thought of as speech in that Standard English
must be taught, whereas children learn to speak naturally without being taught».
(The American Heritage Guide
to Contemporary Usage and Style. Houghton Mifflin, 2005)

Standard
English (SE) is a concept that refers to any form of the English language,
including grammar, vocabulary and spelling, accepted as the national literary
norm in English-speaking countries [9]. Since, unlike the vast majority of the
most common languages in the world, the English language has no official
regulator, it is impossible to give a precise definition of «standard English»
in principle.

The
term «Standard» refers to the regularization of the grammar, spelling, usages
of the language and not to minimal desirability or interchangeability (e.g. a standard measure). All linguistic features are subject
to the effects of standardization, including morphology, phonology, syntax,
lexicon, register, discourse markers, pragmatics, as well as written features such
as spelling conventions, punctuation, capitalization and abbreviation practices.

Standard English is not typically established by an
organization or political agency, but is instead created through common
agreement on how English should sound in a particular area. Other languages are
not always standardized in this way; French, for example, is standardized
through a number of different organizations, such as the Académie Française in
France. In America, Standard English has been created by academics, news
reporters, and writers through common agreement on what spellings, phrases, and
words are to be used in such settings. These standard practices are not forced
upon speakers, but instead are seen as a «best practice» with regard to English
[14].