Реферат на тему Specific features of proverbs and sayings

Содержание:

Introduction. 3

1.   A
brief Excursion into the History of Pproverbs and Sayings. 4

2.
Reflection of the Mentality of the People in English Proverbs and Sayings. 6

3.
Similarities and Differences between Proverbs and Sayings. 7

4.
Lexical and Grammatical Means of Realization of English Proverbs and Sayings
and Features of Their Structural Construction. 8

5.
Stylistic Means of Registration of English Paremias. 13

Conclusion. 14

References. 15

Введение:

It has long
been noted that the wisdom and spirit of the people are manifested in their proverbs and sayings, and knowledge of proverbs
and sayings of a particular people contributes not only to a better knowledge
of the language, but also to a better understanding of the way of thinking and
character of the people. The proverbs and sayings reflect the rich historical
experience of the people, their mentality, ideas, associated with work, life and culture of people.

The
linguistic popular consciousness is the embodiment of the national understanding of the world in linguistic form,
in linguistic stereotypes. This is on the one hand, but on the other, there are
many international themes and motives in the proverbs and sayings of different
nations. This is quite justified, since the peoples of different countries, as
a rule, have similar moral ideals and aspirations, which, in turn, can
contribute to their better understanding and rapprochement. Therefore, studying
English proverbs and sayings, comparing them with Russian, we get the
opportunity to significantly expand our knowledge of the English language, get
acquainted with some customs and facts of the history of England, as well as
enrich our native language, learn to understand folk wisdom, and join universal
human moral values. Proverbs and sayings, both of the Russian and Anglo-Saxon
ethnic groups, serve as both universal and unique guidelines for human
activity.

The
relevance of the work is due to the fact that in modern society there is a
rapid development of intercultural communication. By exploring vocabulary such
as proverbs and sayings, we gain a deeper understanding of the mentality of
native speakers of a foreign language.

The object
of the research is the proverbs and sayings of the English language as a
national and cultural component.

The subject
of this research is the study of specific features of English proverbs and
sayings, as well as national and cultural characteristics of the English people
through their proverbs and sayings.

Заключение:

English
proverbs and sayings are ambiguous and vivid, they are outside of time and
outside of class division, i.e. they are pronounced by both rich people and
people of the lower strata of society, they appeared in the distant past, they
hide the age-old wisdom of the people

The results
of the theoretical analysis and experimental data of the linguistic specificity
of English proverbs and sayings prove that the term “text of a small form” is
the most appropriate for the definition of proverbs or sayings since they don’t
have a clear subject matter, but are characterized by the structural
composition typical of a common text.

The
linguistic peculiarities of proverbs and sayings are compressionand syntactical
rigidity. From the structural and semantic point of view, proverbs are complete
sentences. Mostly, they are narrative dissyllabic sentences with a closed
system that have semantic and intonation completeness, the category of
predication and modality. They are based on judgments rather than on coherent
semantic sentences.

The
syntactic structure of proverbs is usually built following the model of simple
and complex (compound coordinated and subordinated) sentences. Typically,
proverbs include 7+-2 words, the number that corresponds to the capacity of
operational memory of the speaker of listener. Affirmative or negative
communicative types of utterances are represented in the sayings and proverbs
by three syntactic-structural subtypes: narrative, imperative and
interrogative, with dominance of affirmative forms.

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. A
brief Excursion into the History of Pproverbs and Sayings One of the
areas of phraseology is paremiology, which studies the structural and semantic
form of stable combinations of words called proverbs and sayings. It is
difficult to determine from what time proverbs and sayings began to circulate
among people — short oral statements on a wide variety of topics. It is also
unclear when the first proverbs and sayings appeared — apt expressions that can
expressly and aptly characterize something in a conversation without the help
of exhausting and complex explanations, but one thing is irrefutable: proverbs
and sayings arose in ancient times, and since then they accompany the people
throughout its entire history.

Special
functions made both proverbs and sayings very persistent and necessary in
everyday life and speech. L.N. Orkina believes that the proverb is not a simple
saying. She expresses the opinion of all the people. It contains the mentality
of the people, the assessment of life, the observation of the people’s mind.
Not every saying became a proverb, but only one that was consistent with the way
of life, way of life, the thoughts of many people — such a saying could exist
for millennia, passing from century to century. Behind each proverb is the
authority of the generations that created them. Therefore, proverbs do not
argue, they do not prove — they simply affirm or deny something in the
confidence that everything they say is the firm truth. According to S.G.
Berezhan, one of the sources of the appearance of proverbs and sayings is oral
folk art — songs, fairy tales, epics, riddles. Proverbs and sayings are one of
the most ancient genres of folk art. English proverbs and sayings appeared long
ago, and go back centuries. Many of them appeared even when there was no
written language.

Therefore,
the question of the primary sources is still open. It is possible to highlight
the following main sources for the emergence of English proverbs and sayings:
folk, literary, biblical origin, borrowing and using Shakespeare’s quotes as
proverbs and sayings.

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION 3
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF PROVERBS AND SAYINGS 4
1. Proverbs and sayings as a phraseological units 4
2 The difference of proverbs and sayings 7
3 Peculiarities of proverbs and sayings 9
4. Paradoxical Character 12
CONCLUSION 14
REFERENCES 15

Введение:

Proverbs and sayings play important role in language. They give emotionality. expressiveness to the speech. They have certain pure linguistic features that must always be taken into account in order to distinguish them from ordinary sentences.
Modern study of proverbs and sayings is in a state of constant replenishment and change, which proves the openness, dynamism, flexibility of the structure of phraseological units. The study of empirical material is the understanding of proverbs and sayings, their state, development, modification.
This library research work is dedicated to the study of proverbs and sayings in the system of language.
The relevance of this research paper is that the usage of proverbs in speech is very important, especially the correct usage, as it demands a person’s high skill and deep knowledge.
The aim of the research is to study the peculiarities and differences of proverbs and sayings.
The following tasks have been solved in this paper:
1. to give the definition of the phraseological unit.
2. to classify proverbs and sayings ;
3. to show the difference of proverbs and sayings.
This library research paper is based on the work by Vereshchagin E.M., Kostomarov V.G., Hildebrandt Ted, Mieder, John Simpson, David John Allerton, H. Collins, etc.
The theoretical value of this library research paper is to investigate the structural types of proverbs and sayings.

Заключение:

The vocabulary of a language is enriched not only by words but also by phraseological units. Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech; they exist in the language as ready-made units.
The proverbs and sayings are the paper of folklore. which is short but deep in the meaning. They express the outlook of the amount of people by their social and ideal functions. Proverbs and sayings include themselves the some certain features of historical development and the culture of people.
Both the proverb and the saying serve to make speech more colourful, i.e. they are functionally equivalent. They are used to show true life: to typify phenomena and characters, to strengthen the author’s word, to express social ideas, to embody humanistic thoughts.
In terms of their content, both are miniature works of art, which add color to speech and writing, enhancing their content and sharpness.
As for the special features of proverbs and sayings, they both play a vital role in our life. Proverbs were always the most vivacious and at the same time the most stable part of the national languages, suitable competing with the sayings and aphorisms of outstanding thinkers. In proverbs and sayings it is the picturesqueness of national thinking that was more vivid expressed as well as their features of national character.
In conclusion, we should notice, this research work can serve as an additional material for lectures and seminars on English Stylistics and Text Interpretation, but at the same time the work may be supplemented with some practical material and aspects on Stylistics and Comparative study of language.

Фрагмент текста работы:

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

1. Proverbs and sayings as a phraseological units

Language is experiencing an inseparable development, as well as any social phenomenon, and performs, in addition to the communicative function, an accumulative function, acting as a repository of accumulated collective experience. It is this function that explains the fact that the linguistic units reflect the material conditions of the life of society, customs and traditions, its moral, ethical and aesthetic principles, beliefs. Language is an activity associated with national identity. Whatever the external factors of influence, the language remains individual. In language, one can find a fusion of the actual linguistic character with the fact that speech took on the character of a nation; there is no language without a nation.[21]
Each language has stable phrases that are equivalent to a word in content and syntactic function. These phrases refer to poly-lexemic language units with a specific structure and semantic meaning. They are defined as phraseological units.
A phraseological unit as a phenomenon was generated by the need to create expressive means for the needs of communication, to be able to visually express your emotions, feelings, to give a vivid and figurative description of actions, processes and phenomena. Phraseology reflects the national picture of the world. By phraseology we mean the branch of linguistics dealing with stable word — combinations characterized by certain transference of meaning. [20, p.9]
The vocabulary of a language is enriched not only by words but also by phraseological units. Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be’ made in the process of speech. They exist in the language as ready-made units. They are compiled in special dictionaries. The same as words phraseological units express a single notion and are used in a sentence as one part of it. American and British lexicographers call such units «idioms». [9. p. 104]