Реферат на тему Specific features of English compounds

Содержание:

Introduction 3
Specific features of English compounds 4
1. Compound as a type of word-formation 4
2. Types of compound word-formation 5
3. Syntactic essence of coordinate connection in compound sentence 9
4. Syntactic essence of subordinate connection in compound sentence 11
Conclusion 17
References 18

Заключение:

Thus, compounding is the process of joining two or more words together to form new words. As compound words are formed from two words and eventually give a new lexical unit, very often compound words mean complex nouns. But this is not entirely true, because among the compound words there are also adjectives, for example: fire-resistant (fire-resistant), high-speed (high-speed), and so on. As for the spelling of English compound words, there are several options: merged, separated and hyphenated.
It was founded that the syntactic connection in compound sentence is a formally expressed semantic connection between syntactic units, i.e. it is nothing more than a connection between words and groups of words in a speech chain, in a structure of coherent speech. Nominal syntactic relationship is the expression of the relationship of nominal (nominal) elements in a syntactic unit, that is, it serves to express syntactic relations between nominal (nominal) parts of speech, secondly, it creates the syntactic structure of a sentence and phrase, thirdly, it creates conditions for the implementation of lexical word meanings. The nominal parts of speech include: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral and adverb.
Thus, the aim set in the work is achieved and the tasks are fulfilled. Were considered compound as a type of word-formation; types of compound word-formation. Were investigated essence of coordinate connection in compound sentence and essence of subordinate connection in compound sentence.

Фрагмент текста работы:

The developing of a language is closely related to the history of the Society. Social processes have an impact on the changing of the external level of languages and a structure of a national language in the ratio as forms of its existence and social strata. The consolidation all sciences of a human (sociology, psychology, physiology, ethnography) was observed with the resource of linguistics to a speech. The emergence of new sciences (psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics and etc.) was based on it. It became apparent that it is impossible to study a speech without a speaker: as a representative of definite culture; of a definite social collective; and as an individual who have own subjective characteristics. A language is constantly inseparable from a human and there is no human without own subjective perceptions and subjective assessment.
The relevance of this study is that the results obtained in it contribute to obtaining a more holistic view of English compounds and can be used in further mastering the grammatical structure of the English language. Compounds and their grammar features considered in their works such linguists as M.Y. Bloch, I.P. Ivanova, V.V. Burlakova, G.G. Pocheptsov, V.V. Vinogradov, C. David, R. Huddleston, G.K. Pullum, B.E. Zernov, B.A. Ilish, T.M. Nikolaeva and others.
The aim of the study is to consider specific features of English compounds. In accordance with this aim the following tasks are set in the study:
− to consider compound as a type of word-formation;
− to consider types of compound word-formation;
− to investigate essence of coordinate connection in compound sentence;
− to investigate essence of subordinate connection in compound sentence.

Specific features of English compounds
1. Compound as a type of word-formation
Compound nouns are nouns built from two or more stems. Compound nouns often have one stress. In general, word production is the creation of words by changing the root without adding any other roots. It often happens that a portion of the speech changes.
Compositions are the formation of new words from two or more root morphemes. Such words are called complex words. In linguistics, compound words can be both native and borrowed. In English, there are three types of compound nouns: open (parts of which are written separately), hyphenated (parts of which are written through one hyphen or more) and closed (parts of which are written together, a single word).
The meaning of a compound often differs from the meaning of its elements.
The main types of compound nouns are as follows:
(a) noun-stem+ noun-stem: appletree, snowball;
(b) adjective-stem+ noun-stem: blackbird, bluebell;
(c) verb-stem+ noun-stem: pickpocket; the stem of a gerund or of a participle may be the first component of a compound noun: dining-room, reading-hall, dancing-girl.
Some complex nouns of French origin, in which the last word is adjectives, form plural forms in different ways, and they need to be checked by dictionary. It is even possible that the ending «-s / -es» will be applied to both parts of the compound noun, or different forms will be allowed:
• attorney generals or attorneys general;
• court martials or courts martial;
• film noirs, films noirs or films noir;
• runner-ups or runners-up.
Complex nouns are formed constantly as the world moves around us, and with it technological progress, and many were once at first complex nouns that were written separately, then through a hyphen, and finally, already together. Given the current trend to avoid, as far as possible, the writing of complex words through a hyphen, re-invented compound nouns quickly achieve a merged spelling rather than once before. Some complex nouns that are written together in the United States, in a word, in British English are written through a hyphen.
«I followed still, up a very narrow staircase to the attics, and thence by a ladder and through a trap-door to the roof of the hall.» [1, p.15]
▪ The last item on the programme was a grand display of fireworks, to be let off exactly at midnight.
Most complex nouns form their plural forms in the same way as other nouns — adding the ending «-s / -es» to the word, for example: onlookers, washing machines, wheeler-dealers.
Only some, such as mother-in-law and hole in one, take the ending «-s / -es» to the first word: holes in one, mothers-in-law.
Thus, as compound words are formed from two words and eventually give a new lexical unit, very often compound words mean complex nouns. But this is not entirely true, because among the compound words there are also adjectives, for example: fire-resistant (fire-resistant), high-speed (high-speed), and so on. From the points of view of inflectional morphology is obvious the insufficiency of «prepositional declension».