Реферат на тему Qualitative adjectives and adverbs in English

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION 3
1. THE ADJECTIVE 4
1.1 Semantic characteristics 4
1.2 Morphological composition 4
1.3 Morphological characteristics 5
1.4 Patterns of combinability 7
1.5 Syntactic functions 8
2. THE ADVERB 9
2.1 Morphological composition 10
2.2 Morphological characteristics 11
2.3 Semantic characteristics 12
2.4 Syntactic functions and patterns of combinability 12
2.5 Positional characteristics 14
CONCLUSION 16
RFERENCES: 17

Введение:

This work is devoted to the study of qualitative adjectives and adverbs in modern English.
The relevance of the research is connected with the interest of modern science in the systemic study of vocabulary, and that English qualitative adjectives and adverbs are quite productive and widely used parts of speech.
The object of the study are qualitative adjectives and adverbs in the English language.
The subject of the study is the grammatical structure of English qualitative adjectives and adverbs as parts of speech.
The purpose of the study — the study of adverbs as a significant part of speech in the English language
In accordance with the purpose, the following tasks are considered
1. The study of qualitative adjectives as part of speech in English;
2. The study of adverbs as part of speech in English;
3. Consideration of the syntactic functions of qualitative adjectives in the English language;
4. Consideration of the formation of adverbs in the English language;
5. Studying the place of adverbs in the English sentence.
The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that it allows one to expand and systematize the existing knowledge in the field of English adjectives and adverbs.
The practical value of the work is the ability to use the results of research in the process of teaching the course of theoretical grammar and lexicology of modern English, in the development of lectures and seminars.

Заключение:

Independent parts of speech in English are independent and are able to perform any syntactic function in a sentence. This group includes: the noun, the adjective, the words of the category of the state, the pronoun, the numeral, the verb, the adverb.
Having studied the theoretical and practical material on a given topic, we achieved the following:
1. The definition of the adjective and adverb as part of speech in the system of English grammar.
2. Various classifications of adjectives and adverbs in modern English are considered.
5. The syntactic functions of qualitative adjectives and adverbs in the English language have been studied.
The adjective as part of speech is not only a universal category, but also constitutes a class of words that is least specified in comparison with other morphological-syntactic classes.
Highlighting two categories of adjectives in English — qualitative and relative — scientists usually indicate that qualitative adjectives transmit a sign directly (old, white), and relative pass a sign related to the relation to the subject, place, time (industrial, wooden, Crimean ) etc.
An adverb is a part of speech, unchangeable, indicating a sign of action, a sign of a sign. An adverb determines how, when, where, under what circumstances an action is performed, or specifies a sign denoted by an adjective.
 

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. THE ADJECTIVE
1.1 Semantic characteristics

An adjective of the English language is a lexico-semantic class of predicative words denoting a feature of an object, event, or other feature.According to their way of nomination adjectives fall into two groups — qualitative and relative.
Qualitative adjectives denote properties of a substance directly (great, cold, beautiful, etc.). Qualitative adjectives may be differentiated according to their meaning into descriptive, denoting a quality in a broad sense (wonderful, light, cold, etc.) and limiting, denoting a specific category, a part of a whole, a sequence of order, a number (the previous page, an equestrian statue, medical aid, the left hand).
Adjectives also differ as to their function. Some of them are used only attributively and cannot be used as prediсatives (a top boy in the class, but not *the boy was top): some are used only as predicatives and never as attrubutes (He is well again, but not *The well boy).

1.2 Morphological composition

According to their morphological composition adjectives can be subdivided into simple, derived and compound.
In the case of simple adjectives such as kind, new, fresh, we cannot always tell whether a word is an adjective by looking at it in isolation, as the form does not always indicate its status.
Derived adjectives are recognizable morphologically. They consist of one root morpheme and one or more derivational morphemes — suffixes or prefixes. There are the following adjective-forming suffixes: -able understandable; -ary documentary; -fold twofold, manifold, etc.
Some adjectives are former participles and therefore retain participial suffixes: charming, interesting, cunning, daring.
The suffixes -ly, -ed, -ful, -ary, -al, -y are not confined to adjectives only. Thus, many adverbs are derived from adjectives hy means of the suffix -ly (strongly, bitterly, quickly). Most of the verbs form their past tense and participle II with -ed. There are many nouns with the suffixes -al (festival, scandal, criminal), -ary (boundary, missionary), -ful (mouthful, handful), -y (sonny, doggy), etc.
Compound adjectives consist of at least two stems. They may be of several patterns:
a) consisting of a noun + an adjective: colour-blind, grass-green;
b) consisting of an adverb + a participle: well-known, newly-repaired, much-praised;
d) Consisting of a noun/pronoun + a verbal: all-seeing, heart-breaking, high-born, high-flown, man-made;
e) consisting of an adjective/adverb + a noun + the suffix -ed: blue-eyed, long-legged, fair-haired, down-hearted.

1.3 Morphological characteristics
Adjectives in English do not take any endings to express agreement with the head-word. The only pattern of morphological change is that of degrees of comparison, which is possible only for descriptive qualitative adjectives the meaning of which is compatible with the idea of gradation of quality.
There are three grades of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. The superlative is generally used with the definite article. Ways of formation may be synthetic, analytic, and suppletive (irregular).
The synthetic way is by adding the inflection -er, -est, as fine -finer — finest. This means is found with monosyllabic and some disyllabic adjectives in which the stress falls on the last syllable.
Polysyllabic adjectives form their degrees of comparison analytically, by means of more and most: difficult — more difficult — most difficult.
Even monosyllabic adjectives used in postposition or predicatively have a greater tendency towards analytic forms of comparison than when used attributively. (Сompare: He is a man more clever thаn you. / He is a cleverer man.)
The superlative is sometimes used without the when the adjective denotes a very high degree of quality and no comparison with other objects is implied. (Compare: The path is steepest here. / She is happiest at home.)
This morphological pattern (long — longer — longest) is not confined to adjectives, there are also a number of adverbs which may have the same endings, i.e. soon — sooner — soonest, hard — harder — hardest.
Superlatives are often used alone before an of-phrase: the best of friends, the youngest of the family.
Several adjectives form their degrees of comparison by means of (suppletive forms) irregularly: good/well- better – best; little – less — least ; etc.
Adjectival compounds can be inflected in two ways, either the first element is inflected (if it is an adjective or adverb), or comparison is with more and most, for example:
well-known
dull-witted — better-known
— more dull-witted — best-known
— most dull-
There are also some adjectives which generally do not form degrees of comparison:
1. Limiting qualitative adjectives which single out or determine the type of things or persons, such as: previous, middle, left, childless, medical, dead, etc.
2. Relative adjectives (which are also limiting in their meaning) such as: woollen, wooden, flaxen, earthen, ashen.
3. Adjectives with comparative and superlative meaning (the so-called gradables) which are of Latin origin: former, inner, upper, junior, senior, prior, superior, etc. (originally with comparative meaning), and minimal, optimal, proximal, etc. (originally with superlative meaning).
With most of them the comparative meaning has been lost and they are used as positive forms (the inner wall, the upper lip, superior quality, minimal losses).
However, some comparatives borrowed from Latin (major, minor, exterior, interior, junior, senior) may form their own comparatives with a change of meaning.