Реферат на тему Phraseological Units versus Free Word-Groups.
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Содержание:
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
PART 1. PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH LEXICAL SYSTEM 4
PART 2. FEATURES OF FREE WORD-GROUPS IN A LANGUAGE SYSTEM 9
PART 3. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS AND FREE WORD GROUPS 11
CONCLUSION 13
REFERENCES 14
Введение:
Phraseology and phraseological units are an integral part of any lexical system. They are specified by their stable structure, their components are mainly cannot be interchanged. These are mainly set phrases, speech formulas with their specific semantics that is always the same, despite the context. In terms of stylistics, these are figurative, expressive and emotional. Furthermore, these are applied to a specific culture, as these demonstrate the national picture of the world in terms of specific language traditions, etc.
Free word groups are specified by their unstable structure and components, as well as their semantics and stylistics. The point is that the features of free word groups are directly related with the particular contexts and case of application. These strongly depend on the particular sentences and texts, as well as their communicative features.
The topic of the paper is relevant as it considers the features of phraseological units in the lexical system of English compared to the role and peculiarities of free word groups. The key point is that these vary by their components, stylistics, semantics and other specific features.
The objective of the paper is to determine the differences between English phraseological units and free word groups in terms of semantics, syntax, stylistics, etc.
Tasks of the paper are as follows:
1. Describe the distinctive features of phraseological units;
2. Reveal the grammatical and stylistic features of free word-groups;
3. Compare phraseological units and free word-groups from the point of view of lexicology.
The structure of the paper is determined by the purpose and tasks: the text consists of introduction, three parts, conclusion and references.
Заключение:
Phraseology considers the structural, semantic and stylistic features of phraseological units, their role in language, literature and culture as a whole. In the research literature, there is a variety of methods used for the consideration of phraseological units, which is based on various aspects and concepts. Classifications of phraseological units imply the use of various criteria, which indicates a systematic approach to the study of phraseological units and their role in the language system. Phraseological units are distinguished by reproducibility, stability of the component composition, idiomatic nature, stylistic expressiveness, as well as links with the culture of the particular nation.
Free word groups are characterized by the fact that their component composition is not stable, their meaning is formed from the totality of the meanings of the components, and in the sentence structure its components perform various functions. In the lexical system of the language, an unlimited number of word groups can be created, the only restrictions on their creation are the grammatical norms of the language and the language usage, which is responsible for the compatibility of words.
Phraseological units and free word groups have both similarities and differences, while there are more factors that distinguish these elements of the lexical system. So, they are identical in their form, but at the same time they differ significantly in their semantics, syntax, style, component composition and other factors.
Фрагмент текста работы:
PART 1. PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH LEXICAL SYSTEM
Phraseology is a specific branch of linguistics the aim of which is the analysis of phraseological units, their categorial features, semantics, stylistics, components, functions in a language, etc. [1]. Phraseology dwells on the specific features of phraseological units that are characterized by their holistic structure and the high potential for reproducing in speech and written texts. These cannot be distorted in terms of form and structure [15].
It is customary to single out a narrow and a wide subject of studying phraseology. The “narrow” interpretation implies the consideration of the lexicographic features of phraseological units in explanatory dictionaries along with other lexical units, while, the development of fixed word combinations in terms of centuries-long development has led to an understanding of the scope of phraseology in a «broad» sense [1].
Phraseological units are the integral part of the language at any moment of its development, at any historical stage. So, these are the reflection of the historical experience of the nation, their perception of the world around, as well as the reflection of the specific spiritual and material culture [3].
Since any language is quite stable in its composition and is able to convey the experience of past generations, phraseological units are the bright mirror of the values and views of predecessors, these allow to transmit to the current generations the experience from the past [17]. In fact, phraseological units create the way to perceive the world around and to assess it as well as they separate one language from another in terms of culture. Phraseology also reflects the national character in terms of nature, life, customs, history and culture – these are presented in phraseological units and are then determined by them. Thus, phraseological units are a vivid way of depicting the national culture of native speakers of a particular language [18].
According to V.V. Vinogradov, phraseological units should be considered as fixed combinations of words within a particular language. Such combinations
Содержание:
Introduction 3
1. MAIN FEATURES OF A PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT, ITS DIFFERENCE FROM A FREE WORD COMBINATION AND A SEPARATE WORD 4
1.1. Main distinguishing features 4
1.2. Classification of phraseological units by origin 11
Conclusion 15
List of references 16
Введение:
Phraseological turns have quite wide use. In English, phraseologisms are used in both oral speech (spoken style) and written. In written speech, they are used in artistic works and publicity. Phraseologisms are strictly prohibited in scientific articles, technical texts and official documents. But when writing the essay, sketches, biographic or informative articles phraseological units are welcomed as give to the text an emotional color, identity of language and also just embellish and refresh the text.
Given the speed with which humanity develops, the formation of phraseologisms also does not make itself wait. The sources of phraseologisms in modern English can be considered many spheres, but perhaps only a few of them can be put on the leading positions: politics, military conflicts, sports, technology and science, health and medicine. The phraseological wealth of English, which became a reflection of the life of modern man, attracted the attention of domestic linguists, the harms of which can be noted N. N. Amosov, A. V. Kunina, Yu. D. Apasyan, and others.
The material of this work can be used to study the course of linguistics, lexicology, stylistics, translation practice and text analysis.
The purpose of this work is to study the classification of the concept of phraseological units and free dictionary groups of English on the basis of printed publications, articles, theses in the field of lexicology.
In order to achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
— Define the essence of the concept of phraseologism in English;
Study the basic concepts of «phraseology» and «phraseological units,»
— Consider different classifications of phraseologisms.
This work in its structure has an introduction, a main part, a conclusion and a list of literature.
Заключение:
The phraseological foundation of English is so large that its full study would not fit within the scope of this work. Nevertheless, on the example of the phraseologisms considered, one can clearly imagine how diverse the semantics and expressiveness of the phraseologism of modern English are. Thanks to the literary works of writers and poets, both in Great Britain and around the world, English now has a huge number of phraseologisms. But it should not be forgotten that a huge number of phraseologisms have also entered English from the history and culture of various countries of the world.
Unfortunately, modern English speech does not see the use of expressions taken from Asian literature. Only phraseologisms borrowed from the literature of countries, in one way or another, close to Great Britain, have become widespread. It should be noted that there is a particularly large number of Biblical in English, this may indicate the religious nature of the English.
An important fact is that all non-English literary borrowing represented in a given work is complete calc from a given language. In modern English, these phraseologisms are not used in foreign language form. Therefore, we cannot talk here about the process of assimilation of phraseologisms borrowed from the fiction of various countries.
The opinions of linguists on a number of problems of phraseology differ, and this is quite natural. Nevertheless, the important task of linguists working in the field of phraseology is to unite efforts and find common ground in the interests of both the theory of phraseology and the practice of teaching foreign languages.
Фрагмент текста работы:
1. MAIN FEATURES OF A PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT, ITS DIFFERENCE FROM A FREE WORD COMBINATION AND A SEPARATE WORD
1.1. Main distinguishing features
In order to separate phraseology from other language units, in particular from the word and free word combination, it is necessary to determine the characteristic features of phraseological units. The main features of the phraseology [5].
1. Reproducibility of phraseology in speech as ready-made units. Stable combinations exist in language as a set of ready-made, already created earlier language formations, which should be remembered in the same way as we remember words. For example, we need to say that we have very little money, almost none, we use a short but expressive phrase: We have money — the cat cried. Or vice versa, there is a lot of money, in this case they say: He has money — chickens do not bite.
2. The integrity of the meaning of phraseology
The integrity of the meaning of phraseology lies in the fact that, in spite of the structure’s dismemberment, it has a generalized-complete meaning, which, as a rule, represents a rethinking of the word combination with a specific semantic content. Clear examples of the fact that the meaning of phraseology does not consist of the values of its components are stable combinations, one member of which is outdated and has no use in modern language outside the expression. However, the speaker does not feel that this word is unfamiliar to him because he knows the general, holistic meaning of the whole phraseology. For example, the meaning of the phraseological turn to beat baklusha (idle) is obvious to the speaker, despite the fact that the meaning of the outdated word «baklusha» has been lost in modern language. In Old Russian, this word meant a short stump of wood, and the whole combination of beating kaklusha originally had the literal meaning of breaking the stump of wood into short pieces from which spoons were then made, i.e. to do a very easy, simple job. Compare also the meaning of phraseology to get kaprosak (by its mistake to find themselves in an unpleasant position), where the word kaprosak in modern language is not used at all and its meaning is unclear (in Old Russian the word kaprosak meant a machine for twisting ropes).
