Реферат на тему Первый двигатель

Содержание:

Введение:

Заключение:

Фрагмент текста работы:

Simple machines,
such as the club and oar (examples
of the lever), are prehistoric.
More complex engines using human power, animal power, water power, wind power and
even steam power date back to antiquity. Human power was focused by the use of
simple engines, such as the capstan, windlass or treadmill,
and with ropes, pulleys,
and block and tackle arrangements;
this power was transmitted usually with the forces multiplied and
the speed reduced.

The first engines were sails and water wheels. The
sail has been used for more than 7 thousand years. The water wheel — noria (Picture 1) — was widely used for
irrigation systems in the countries of the Ancient World such as Egypt, China,
India. Water and wind wheels were widely used in Europe in the Middle Ages as
the main energy base for manufactory production. Picture 1. The norias of Hama on the Orontes River in Syria In the middle of the 17th century, the first attempts
were made to switch to machine production that required the creation of engines
that did not depend on local energy sources (water, wind, etc.). The first
engine that used the thermal energy of chemical fuel was a steam-atmospheric
machine, made according to the designs of the French physicist Denis Papin and
the English mechanic Thomas Savery. This machine was deprived of the ability to
directly serve as a mechanical drive; a water mill wheel (in modern terms, a
hydraulic turbine) was “attached to it”, which rotated the water squeezed out
by steam from a steam boiler into a reservoir of a water tower. The boiler was
either heated by steam or cooled by water: the machine operated periodically.

In 1763, the Russian mechanic Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov
manufactured a stationary continuous steam engine according to his own design.
Two cylinders were doubled in it, alternately filled with steam, and also
supplying water to the tower, but — constantly. Picture 2. Polzunov steam engine

By 1784, the English mechanic James Watt had created a
more advanced steam engine called the universal steam engine. Watt worked as an
assistant on a machine designed by Savery from his very childhood. His task was
to constantly switch the taps for supplying steam and water to the boiler. This
monotonous work pretty tired the inventor and prompted him to invent both a
double-stroke piston and an automatic valve box (and then a centrifugal fuse).
In the machine, a rigid piston was provided in the cylinder, on both sides of
which steam was alternately supplied. Everything happened automatically and
continuously. The piston rotated a flywheel through the crank-connecting rod
system, which ensures smooth running. The steam engine could now become a drive
for various mechanisms and was no longer tied to a water tower. The elements
invented by Watt were included in one form or another in all steam engines.
Steam engines were improved and used to solve various technical problems: the
drive of machine tools, ships, crews for transporting people on the roads,
locomotives on the railways. By 1880, the total power of all operating steam
engines exceeded 26 million kW. François Isaac de Riva In 1807 the Swiss
inventor François Isaac de Riva designed an internal combustion engine with
electric ignition. Hydrogen served as fuel for the engine, and de Riva borrowed
the idea of ​​electric ignition from Alessandro Volta. De Riva mounted his
engine on a four-wheeled wagon, which, according to historians, became the
first car with an internal combustion engine.