Реферат на тему Холодная война. Период с 1945- 1962

Содержание:

Introduction. 3

1. The causes of the Cold
War-prerequisites. 4

2. The first stage 1947-1953. 6

3. The second stage 1953- 1962. 8

Conclusion. 10

Bibliography. 11

Введение:

Not
only history, but also the attitude towards it knows the sharp turns that mark
the qualitative stages of the political, social, moral development of human
society. With a sufficient degree of reliability, we can say that when
civilization steps over power beliefs, everyone will agree that the Cold War –
one of the saddest chapters of the twentieth century – was primarily the
product of human imperfections and ideological prejudices. She might well not
be there. It would not exist if the actions of people and the actions of states
corresponded to their words and declarations.

Nevertheless,
the cold War has struck humanity. The question arises: why did yesterday’s
combat allies suddenly turn into enemies who are cramped on the same planet?
What prompted them to exaggerate the previous mistakes and add a lot of new
ones to them? This did not fit with common sense, not to mention the allied
duty and basic concepts of decency.

The
Cold War did not break out suddenly. She was born in the crucible of the
"hot war" and left a very noticeable imprint on the course of the
latter. Very many in the USA and England perceived the interaction with the
USSR in the fight against the aggressors as forced, contrary to their
attachments and interests and secretly, and some clearly dreamed that the
battles, which London and Washington had been watching for a long time, would
exhaust the forces of both Germany and the Soviet Union.

The
relevance of the study is that the "cold war" was a sharp
confrontation between two systems on the world stage. It became particularly
acute in the late 40s — 60s. There was a time when the sharpness subsided
somewhat, and then intensified again. The Cold War covered all spheres of
international relations: political, economic, military and ideological.

The
purpose of the work: to consider the "cold war", its causes and
origins, development.

Заключение:

The "Cold War" quite
naturally became a kind of fusion of the traditional, forceful confrontation
not only of two military blocs, but also of two ideological concepts. Moreover,
the struggle around moral values was of a secondary, auxiliary nature. A new
conflict was avoided only thanks to the presence of nuclear weapons.

The fear of mutually assured
destruction has become, on the one hand, a catalyst for moral progress in the
world (the problem of human rights, ecology), and, on the other, the cause of
the economic and political collapse of the society of so-called real socialism.
As history shows, no socio-economic model, no matter how economically effective
it is, has a historical perspective if it is not based on any firm moral
postulates, if the meaning of its existence is not oriented towards achieving
universal humanistic ideals. The common victory of mankind as a result of the
cold war can be the triumph of moral values in politics and in the life of
society. Russia’s contribution to achieving this goal has determined its
position in the world in the long term.

The end of the cold war should not,
however, lull the peoples and Governments of the two great States, as well as
the entire population. The main task of all healthy, realistic-thinking forces
of society is to prevent a second return to it. This is also relevant in our
time, because, as noted, a confrontation is possible due to the deployment of a
missile defense system, as well as in connection with the conflicts that have
recently arisen between Russia and Georgia, Russia and Estonia, former Union
republics. The rejection of confrontational thinking, cooperation, mutual
consideration of interests and security – this is the general line in relations
between countries and peoples living in the nuclear missile era.

The years of the Cold war provide the
basis for the conclusion that, in opposing communism and revolutionary
movements, the United States first of all fought against the Soviet Union, as
the country that represented the greatest obstacle to the realization of their
main goal — the establishment of their domination over the world.

Фрагмент текста работы:

. The causes of the Cold War-prerequisites During the Second World War, the USSR
and the USA fought on the same side, but after the defeat of Germany and its
allies, relations between the victorious countries began to weaken rapidly.
Moreover, both sides were developing plans to continue the war, but against
each other — just in case. When the fighting ended, both superpowers feared the
spread of each other’s influence in the world. They sought to weaken the
military power of a potential enemy – in particular, this worried the Soviet
leadership, since the United States earned a lot of money in World War II, and
the Soviet Union, on the contrary, was ruined.

At the same time, both sides waged a
propaganda struggle against each other, which also caused the beginning of the
Cold War between the USSR and the USA. Democracy and capitalism in the West,
communism and socialism in the East — the ideological confrontation after the
end of World War II only gained momentum. In addition, the victorious countries
shared the spoils of war (that is, Germany, its resources and industry) and
could not come to a compromise on this issue. The whole world was divided into
two spheres of influence, American and Soviet.

1. The reasons for the Cold
War between the USSR and the USA by points:

2. The struggle of
ideologies. The contradictions between Soviet and Western (democratic)
ideologies were too great to find a compromise.

3. The need to rally. Both
sides sought to attract as many allies to their side as possible. Fear of the
enemy added fuel to the fire – this also became one of the reasons for the Cold
War, since both sides had nuclear weapons.

4. The struggle for
resources. Germany, defeated in the Second World War, and other countries in
which the American and Soviet spheres of interest intersected — they were all
sources of resources and sales markets, and rivalry unfolded for them.

5. Roosevelt’s speech in
Fulton on March 5, 1946. In it, he called on the Anglo-Saxon countries to
prevent the spread of communist totalitarianism and to build a dialogue with
the USSR from the position of military force. In response, Stalin, a week
later, in an interview with the newspaper Pravda, compared Churchill to Hitler
and accused him of pushing Western countries to war with the Soviet Union. This
was the reason for the beginning of the Cold War.

6. The desire to secure an
advantage. Soviet and American leaders did not rule out the possibility of a
Third World War.

7. The bipolarity of the
world. There were only two superpowers — the USSR and the USA, and they divided
the whole world into their spheres of influence. Western countries created the
military-political bloc of NATO, the Soviets, in contrast to them, created the
ATS (Warsaw Pact Organization) [4].

The rise in popularity of communist
ideology after World War II. Another reason for the Cold War, as Western
countries were concerned about the spread of the ideas of communism and
socialism. The Communist movement then gained strength even in the United
States itself.

Relations between the Soviet Union
and the West are gradually beginning to acquire the character of an acute
political and military confrontation. The key events in this process should be
highlighted the rejection of the Marshall Plan by the USSR, the Civil War in
Greece and the creation of the Information Bureau of Communist and Workers’
Parties — Kominform. On June 5, 1947, the head of the US State Department, D.
Marshall, stated that in order to strengthen the regimes of European
democracies, it was necessary to provide them with urgent financial and
economic assistance. The Soviet Union regarded this plan as a concept of the
economic enslavement of Europe by America and put pressure on Eastern European
countries to refuse to participate in its implementation. The Marshall Plan was
adopted by 16 Western countries. The political condition for providing
assistance was the removal of Communists from the government. By 1948, there
were no representatives of communist parties left in any government in Western
Europe. With the formation in the fall of 1947. The Cominform Europe was
finally divided: on the one hand, the USSR and its allies, and on the other,
the United States and its partners [3].