Реферат на тему GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN TRANSLATION

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION.. 3

CHAPTER 1 fundamentals of translation theory. 4

1.1 The main features of the general theory of translation. 4

1.2 The essence of the concept, varieties and patterns of
translation of various types of text 5

1.3 Characteristics of the artistic type of text 11

CHAPTER 2 Grammatical transformations. 14

2.1 Change of Parts of Speech. 15

2.2 Unconformity of the Tense. 17

CONCLUSION.. 19

BIBLIOGRAPHY.. 20

Введение:

The presented topic is
one of the most important and urgent problems of the theory and practice of
translation. Translation has many features and, of course, problems. The
present work is focused on the matter of grammatical transformations and in
particular their role in translation of any text whether it be literary work or
text of business and technical contents. Relevance of the thesis concerns the
fact that grammatical transformations are an inseparable part while translating
a text of any complexity. While translation, the first mean that a translator
employs is grammatical transformation, thus, converting the sentence of the
source language into the sentence of the target language.

The subject of the
research is the role of grammatical transformations, classification of the
basic word-building, morphological and syntactical transformations in
translation from the Source language (English) into the Target Language
(Russian), pointing out typical difficulties to achieve equivalent translation
and, if possible, finding the ways of achieving it, frequency of using certain
grammatical transformations and defining their role in translation, in
particular, in the literary text to render the author’s style and emotional
background of the literary work , etc.

The main way of solving
the problem set is comparative and contrastive method and analysis of
translator’s decisions with contextual background taken into account. The basic
material of the present thesis is the novel “For Whom the Bell Tolls” by Ernest
Hemingway.

The purposes determined
the structure of the thesis. It includes the introductory part, three chapters
with thematic sections and the conclusion.

Заключение:

Russian is rich with
stylistic resources as compared with English that has limited set of such
means. Due to that, the translator often has to introduce additional modal and
emotionally expressive words into a literary translation to reach the adequate
translation that is implementing addition.

On the other hand,
Russian possesses a great number of some expressive suffixes which English
lacks considerably, thus, inducing repetition, introducing additional words
into translation, word combinations and phraseology.

Analyzing morphological
transformations allows pointing out that change of parts of speech is the most
frequent transformation. Change of sentence parts is important to reach
expressively equivalent translation. But it often causes syntactical transformations.
It is possible to say that some morphological transformations result in
syntactical transformations almost inevitably.

…He was often hungry but he was not usually worried …[1] …Чувство
голода было для него привычным, но тревогу ему не часто приходилось
испытывать…[2]

Articles define subjects
in English but as there is no such a category in Russian, the target text
involves additional lexical means. The meaning and connotation of an article is
translated with adding such words as волне , один , какой -нибудь , adjective
+такое , так + adjective, вот .

The translator determines
the role of each transformation because it is the translator who decides which
transformation is necessary to render the author’s idea. Some transformations
are supposed to keep the original structure of the sentence; others transpose
it considerably but help to create idiomatic language of the source text and,
thus, implementing its main role that is convey the idea and emotion which the
author aspired to tell the reader.

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER 1 fundamentals of translation
theory 1.1
The main features of the general theory of translation The general theory of
translation is usually contrasted with the so-called particular theories of
translation, which, in turn, are also subdivided into two large branches. The
first of them considers the regular correspondences of the forms of two
specific languages and the regular ways of transition from a specific language
A to a specific language B, and vice versa. So, for example, we can talk about
a particular theory of translation of English and Russian, French and English,
Russian and Chinese and other pairs of languages. Such particular theories of
translation are most closely related to contrastive linguistics. Nowadays
quality of translation faces high standards. That’s why analysis of different
aspects of translation is vital in order to perfect translation techniques and
mastering translator’s skills.

The matter of
word-formation techniques and transformations is considered in linguistics
concerning translations of scientific and socio-political texts. It mostly
concerns the fact that new formations are typical of the above listed genres
(different types of neologisms, for instance). In this regard there is not much
attention paid to the peculiarities of word building transformations while
translating a literary work. The notion of Russian English is rather well known
among translators and people who deal with translation. Russian English is
considered as a kind of translation drawback. As soon as polemics on Russian
English appeared, translators of the country started to pay more attention to
the quality of translations and the ways of getting rid of Russian English
manner of translating, which implies overuse of Russian grammatical
constructions while translating into English and few transformations.

That
is exactly the reason why consideration of all possible grammatical
transformations is so vital to advance and perfect translator’s skills. But it
is necessary to study out the essence and the notion