Реферат на тему Экономическое устройство Сербии

Содержание:

Introduction 3

1. Serbia 4

2. The economic structure of Serbia 5

Conclusion 8

List of literature 9

Введение:

Today, I’m going to talk about economic of Serbia. This country can be considered a kind of ‘crossroads’ of Europe. The shortest roads connecting Western Europe and the Middle East run through this country. A large number of national parks, mountains, rivers make Serbia an excellent place for active recreation. However, Serbia also has a large number of unique attractions and several popular balneological resorts.

According to the 2006 Constitution, Serbia is a parliamentary republic. The President is elected by direct universal suffrage. Legislative power belongs to the unicameral Parliament, which employs 250 deputies.

The main political parties in Serbia are the Serbian Progressive Party, the Democratic Party of Serbia, and the Socialist Party.

The aim of my work is to describe main points of Serbia’s economic structure.

Based on the goal , it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

— explore a few countries;

— study the economy of the country.

Serbia is striving for integration with European countries and associations, for even closer cooperation to solve those tasks that it cannot cope with on its own

According to the Constitution of Serbia, it consists of two autonomous regions: Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija. Since 1999, according to UN Security Council resolution 1244, Kosovo has been under the UN protectorate and is not controlled by the Serbian authorities. The institutions of provisional local self-government, in which Albanians make up the majority, unilaterally declared the independence of the province on February 17, 2008, which was recognized by 76 UN member states. Serbia refused to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Kosovo.

The structure of the work is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion and bibliography.

Заключение:

In conclusion, what I have pointed out is the fact that economy of the Respublika Serbia was formed after the Bosnian War. It is based on industry and agriculture.

Serbia’s economy is based on various branches of agriculture, industry and services. At the turn of 80-90. The state of the XX century was favorable. However, UN economic sanctions in 1992-1995 adversely affected the country’s economy. The war in the early 90s, the destruction of infrastructure and industry during the NATO air attack in 1999, the loss of trade ties with COMECON and inside the former Yugoslavia. The main problem of the economy is high unemployment (20% in 2005) and constantly insufficient economic reforms.

Belgrade is the capital and economic heart of Serbia and home to most major Serbian and international companies operating in the country, as well as the National Bank of Serbia and the Belgrade Stock Exchange. Novi Sad and I are the second and third largest cities respectively and the most important economic hubs after Belgrade.

Serbia has very favourable natural conditions (land and climate) for varied agricultural production. It has 5,056,000 ha of agricultural land (0.7 ha per capita), out of which 3,294,000 ha is arable land (0.45 ha per capita). In 2016, Serbia exported agricultural and food products worth $3.2 billion, and the export-import ratio was 178%. The energy sector is one of the largest and most important sectors to the country’s economy. Serbia is a net exporter of electricity and importer of key fuels (such as oil and gas). The industry is the economy sector which was hardest hit by the UN sanctions and trade embargo and NATO bombing during the 1990s and transition to market economy during the 2000s. The industrial output saw dramatic downsizing: in 2013 it was expected to be only a half of that of 1989. Main industrial sectors include: automotive, mining, non-ferrous metals, food-processing, electronics, pharmaceuticals, clothes. Serbia has 14 free economic zones as of September 2017, in which many foreign direct investments are realized.

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. Serbia

First, I’d like to consider that Serbia is a landlocked country in southeastern Europe, in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula and partly the Pannonian Lowland. A member of the UN since 2000, on March 1, 2012 it officially acquired the status of a candidate for EU membership.

According to the Constitution of Serbia, it consists of two autonomous regions: Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija. Since 1999, according to UN Security Council resolution 1244, Kosovo has been under the UN protectorate and is not controlled by the Serbian authorities. The institutions of Provisional Local Self—government, in which Albanians make up the majority, unilaterally declared the independence of the province on February 17, 2008, which is recognized by 97 UN member States.

Serbia borders Hungary in the north, Romania in the northeast, Bulgaria in the east, Northern Macedonia in the south, Albania (only de jure, de facto borders with Kosovo) and Montenegro in the southwest, Croatia and Bosnia in the west and Herzegovina.

After the end of the First World War, Serbia was the founder of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After World War II, Serbia was a state within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1992, Serbia and Montenegro became co-founders of the Federal Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which after the change of power was transformed into the confederate State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

The anthem of Serbia is a slightly modified anthem of the Kingdom of Serbia «God to the Truth», which for several years has also been the anthem of the Republika Srpska. The coat of arms of Serbia, adopted on August 17, 2004, is the Serbian coat of arms of the reign of the Obrenovich dynasty. The country has two flags: national and official. The first is a red-blue-white cloth, and the second is the same with the state emblem [2, p. 46].

2. The economic structure of Serbia

The next point I’d like to mention concerns about economic situation of Serbia by the end of 2021: GDP – 63 billion US dollars (growth +7% compared to 2020), GDP per capita – 9.1 thousand dollars, external debt – 56.5% of GDP, inflation — 4%, unemployment rate – 9.8%. Serbia is a country with a transitional economy and mainly market–based regulatory mechanisms. Macroeconomic stability and economic development of the Serbian economy are ensured mainly due to structural reforms and the influx of foreign investment. The privatization of state-owned enterprises and resources continues, and the financial and private sectors are actively developing.

Serbia’s economy is based on various branches of agriculture, industry and services [3, p. 102].

The economically active population is 2.96 million (2020). The basis of Serbia’s energy is significant coal reserves — up to 18.1 billion tons, of which 17.3 billion tons are brown coals. Coal production reaches 37 million tons (2010).

Agriculture is a strategic sector of the Serbian economy; it accounts for a significant part of the country’s GDP and it has advanced more than other industries in the process of adapting production to EU standards. The mild climate and fertile arable lands maximally contribute to both open field and greenhouse crop production in Serbia. It is the largest producer of almost the entire range of vegetable crops, including the early high level of development of agricultural sectors in Serbia is ensured not only by the accumulated practical experience and professional integrity of producers, but also by their active receptivity to advanced scientific innovations. Agricultural science here is in constant direct connection with production. Producers enjoy the constant support of a developed national network of agricultural research institutes, specialized faculties of major national universities, breeding centers for peppers, tomatoes, salads, cabbage, potatoes, etc. crops. Serbia exports most of its agricultural products. The high level of development of agricultural sectors in Serbia is ensured not only by the accumulated practical experience and professional integrity of producers, but also by their active susceptibility to advanced scientific innovations. Agricultural science here is in constant direct connection with production. Producers are constantly supported by a developed national network of agricultural research institutes, specialized faculties of major national universities, breeding centers

Serbia’s main foreign trade partner is the EU, with a trade turnover of $16.3 billion in 2013, including $9.7 billion in supplies from the EU to Serbia, and $6.6 billion in Serbian exports to the European Union. In 2012, the EU countries accounted for 57.0% of Serbia’s foreign trade turnover.

Distribution of Serbia’s trade turnover by country (2012): Germany — 11.1%, Italy — 10.0%, Russia — 9.7%, Romania — 5.8%, Bosnia and Herzegovina — 5.2%.

Sugar beet, sunflower, hops are grown. Serbia is a major producer of pineapple strawberries, raspberries, apples, plums, grapes, etc.

Oak and beech forests with significant reserves of high-quality wood grow on the territory of the country.

Animal husbandry is also developed in Serbia. For example, the number of goats in 2012 amounted to 131 thousand heads. Sheep farming is also developed — in 2011 there were 1,460 thousand heads in Serbia. In 2011, the production of mutton in the republic amounted to 24 thousand tons, sheep’s milk — 11 million liters [4, p.55].

Metalworking and mechanical engineering occupy a leading place in the manufacturing industry. Machine-tool construction, transport and agricultural engineering predominate in mechanical engineering. There is an electrical and electronic industry, chemical, pharmaceutical, woodworking, textile, leather and footwear and food production. Most heavy industry enterprises are located in the southeastern part of the country. The largest industrial center is Belgrade, followed by Nis and Novi Sad. Vojvodina is the main center of the food industry and fertilizer production. As a result of the NATO bombing in 1999, many enterprises were destroyed. In peacetime, the country specialized mainly in metallurgy, the manufacture of machinery, food production, electricity, chemical industry products, textiles, clothing, transport equipment, furniture and other products of the woodworking industry.

The origins of the progress and wide expansion of this type of industry are the development of the banking sector, which began in 2000. A significant increase in demand was influenced by an increase in the number of new companies producing upholstered furniture. Of the manufacturers that dominated the Serbian market at that time, only ‘SIMPO’ is still operating, being the largest company in the region, occupying a leading position in the market, the production of wooden furniture in Serbia has all kinds of competitive advantages. Raw materials and materials can be freely purchased on the domestic market, the cost of labor and electricity is low compared to other European countries, so the manufactured product is mainly aimed at the European market. In addition, the geographical location of Serbia itself provides the possibility of fast delivery of goods in small and large batches, which is also a great advantage, especially compared to the existing competition from Asia.

The biggest problem is an increasing shortage of able-bodied labor force and an increase in the number of pensioners, due to the low birth rate and high emigration of the population to other, richer countries of the world. The situation with the growing demographic crisis is particularly difficult in many developing countries of Europe and Asia: Serbia, Moldova, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, China, Thailand, etc. In these countries, the usual demographic crisis characteristic of developed countries is often aggravated by an even greater decrease in the officially working share of the working-age population, due to the extensive informal, shadow economy, even lower birth rate, even greater unemployment, even greater growth of pensioners due to fewer healthy years of active working-age life, which, coupled with the active emigration of the young, the economically active and most able-bodied population in the richer countries of the world, leads to a slowdown in the economic growth of countries, and as a result, the growth of wages and living standards in countries is slowing down, which in turn slows down the convergence of living standards in developing countries to the standard of living of developed countries [1, p. 108].