Платная доработка на тему The Usage of the Gerund in English and Spanish newspapers

Содержание:

Introduction 3
1. Gerund in English 5
2. Specifics of the Gerund in Spanish 13
2. Use of Gerund in the Spanish and English Newspaper………………………………………………………………………….…18
2.1 Features of Gerund in the English Newspaper………………………………………………………………………………………18
2.2. Analyse of the Gerund in Spanish 23
Conclusion 33
Bibliography 34 

Введение:

 Introduction 
In the system of English and Spanish languages, the verb occupies a special place that is not characteristic of any other part of speech: all statements are formed on the basis of the verb that represents the described situation. All verbs , with the exception of defectives, have both personal and non-personal forms. Along with personal, i.e. conjugated forms of the verb, in English [as in Russian] there are non-personal, unchangeable in person and number forms of the verb.
The gerund is an impersonal verb form that is available in many languages. The gerund is a non-personal form of a verb that combines the properties of a verb and a noun. This non-personal form of the verb shows the process of action and answers questions like what? «From what?» «On what?» «For what?» And, has the features of a noun [in particular, the syntactic role in the sentence] and a verb. 
The course work is devoted to the study of the gerund , and also examines the morphological and syntactic properties of the gerund, which show the choice of a particular translation option.
The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of functioning of the gerund and ways to translate the gerund in different contexts, as well as the ordering of different views.
In English, the gerund shows an activity, action, or process in the most General sense of presenting information. This construction has no analogues in the Russian language. The use of the gerund is based on special verb forms that are implemented in English and Spanish . Comparison of these types of construction gives the relevance of this topic. The system of non-personal verb forms plays an important role in Spanish. This is a source of replenishment of the system of verbal forms, which is due to the participle, gerund and infinitive. All syntactic functions are expressed by impersonal forms of verbs; they are based on the juxtaposition of verbs and tense properties. The non-personal forms of the Spanish verb are not as numerous as the Latin ones: there is no present participium [Participium praesentes activi], no future participium in the active voice [Participium futuri activi in –urus, — a, — um], and no future participium in the passive voice [Participium futuri passivi at –ndus]; the soup has not been preserved, which has been replaced by the infinitive since the 1scentury ad.

The  aim of the course work is to consider how the gerund manifests  in Spanish and English newspapers.
The following methods were involved in this work: analysis of the literature, classification and systematization of the material, characterization of structures.
The structure of the work: the work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion and list of references.
 

Заключение:

A gerund is a non-personal form of a verb to which the ending ing is added. However , in the Russian language there is no equivalent of the gerund.
The gerund is a verb form, it has more than a noun. In particular, in a sentence, it can be used as a subject, a complement, and a predicate, as well as used after prepositions. The most common functions of the gerund in the English Newspapers that the subject and object. With regard to Spanish Newspapers, the most common functions of the gerund there is a function, predicate and pronouns
Summarize the information obtained in the form of a diagram in Fig. 1

 In the course of the study, many examples were taken, which were analyzed in terms of the function they perform in the sentence, as well as the form and grouped according to the chosen classification.

Фрагмент текста работы:

The grammar of the verb in English and Russian has fundamental differences. This is the reason for the difficulties associated with acquiring an English verb, and the best way to overcome them.In most languages, non-personal verb forms are distinguished, that is, those that are not used in the predicate feature, but can also be part of it. In non-personal forms of the verb, grammatical features of the person, number, and mood are absent, and do not Express the time of action [present, past, or future], but only declare the correlation in time, that is, whether the action they Express is simultaneous with the action of the predicate or precedes it. Non-personal verb forms do not match in all languages. In Russian language there is a communion that is not in the English language and the English gerund, which is absent in the Russian language. The verb must be present in the English sentence. All verbs , with the exception of deficits, have both personal and non-personal forms.
Non-personal forms Express face and number; in addition, non-personal verb forms have mood, tense, and voice forms. The personal forms of the verb serve as a predicate in a sentence and are always used together with the subject with which they agree in person and number.The three key forms of the verb are called infinitive, past indefinite, and participle II. They are called basic forms because all other forms are formed from them.
Along with personal verbs , which are conjugated in English [as in Russian], there are non-personal forms of the verb that are unchangeable in person and number. Non-finite verb forms [non-Finite forms, or verbs] also indicate action, but do not have indicators of face, number, or mood; they can only Express time and voice. Non-personal verb forms can never be predicates in a sentence, although they can be included in its composition.
In English, there are three non-personal forms of the verb: the infinitive, the Participle, and the gerund.
The specificity of non-personal verb forms is shown in the fact that these verbs can not to have a person, number, or gender. These verbs never appear as a predicate inside a sentence. Russian  infinitive corresponds to the English infinitive, and the participle is similar in many ways to the Russian participle. But the Russian language does not have this form, which would be close to the English Gerund. In many ways gerund semantics is close to the semantics of verbal nouns in the Russian language. The second example is the use of the indefinite form of the verb in the Russian language.

 
The specificity of non-personal verb forms is expressed in the fact that they combine various features of non-personal verb forms [infinitive, gerund] or verb and adjective [participle]. The specificity of the English gerund is expressed in the fact that it is able to reflect sound complexes, that is, combinations with nouns or pronouns, which in their meaning are equivalent to relative sentences.
Verb Use
After a number of verbs, you can use both a gerund and an infinitive:
1. to read
2. to like
3. to reset
4. to listen
5. to propose
6. to remember
7. I like reading.
8. I like to read such books.
In modern English, there is a tendency to replace the infinitive with the gerund. I like to read more often than I like to read.
The infinitive and gerund have a lot in common: a common origin, similar forms of time and voice, and some similar functions in which they can replace each other.It is necessary to conduct experiments. It is necessary to conduct experiments.
However, there are also verbs after which only the gerund can act as a direct complement, and not the infinitive. For example:
to run
to cry
to prefer
to understand
to need
 to risk
to kiss
This part needs to be repaired [being repaired].