Платная доработка на тему The usage of borrowings in English and French newspapersThe usage of borrowings in English and French newspapers

Заключение:

In any language, there are not only native words, but also numerous borrowings from other languages. There are more of them in one language, less in another, but they are always there. In principle, borrowing is a positive process for language. Thus, the vocabulary is enriched, new elements for word formation appear and a dictionary appears which refers to the exact terminology. The number of borrowings in English is quite large compared to other languages. It has been estimated that borrowings in English make up about 70 percent of the vocabulary, and the rest are original English words. The reason for this «absorption» of foreign vocabulary in English lies in the historical development of this language. Numerous foreign conquests of the British Isles, the development of trade, the influence of the culture of the mainland — all this contributed to the emergence and consolidation of borrowing in English.
The largest group of borrowings in English from Old French. We know 1066 as the year of the Norman conquest of England. They brought the French language to the islands, from the Norman dialect of which later formed the Anglo-Norman language, which later became the state language. This language lasted until the end of the XIV century, although the indigenous population continued to speak English. It is believed that these borrowings in English make up a quarter of all the most commonly used words. This is what French borrowings are rich in English: entrance, goddess, wonderful, flexible, heavy, frustrating, movement, loneliness, court, government, battle, city and many more.
Borrowings in English do not harm him, but, on the contrary, enrich his vocabulary and help the development of word formation. If you know the features of borrowing from different languages, learning English is easier and clearer.
 

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. THЕORЕTICАL АSPЕCTS OF ЕNGLISH АND FRЕNCH BORROWINGS
1.1 The peculiarities of English borrowings
“Guests from other languages,” or borrowed words, permeate the entire English language. In the course of English history, thousands and thousands of words passed from one language to another, mainly through constant invasions of the invaders.
If we take borrowing as evidence of our (that is, human) “physical mobility and mental laziness,” then the British would probably have taken first place in this.
How did it happen that the country, whose original inhabitants were Celts, lost the old language to the one that is now known to us as English? This was due to the fact that the British Isles were subjected to repeated raids. Each nation that invaded from external lands brought its own language, dialects and customs to the country.
As the invaders settled on the territory, they influenced the written and spoken language of local residents, who, in turn, adapted to the new situation, taking borrowed words into their vocabulary.
Pic. 1 Origins of English
Otto Jespersen, in his book, The Development and Structure of the English Language, notes that English is a “borrowing chain” that resulted from the conquest of Britain by many invaders. Foreigners brought their language to the country, but could not completely impose it on the British.
Instead, foreign languages blended, as in one cauldron, with original speech. Thus, these or other groups to varying degrees influenced the development of written and spoken English, as we know it today. [5]
The English language contains a large number of very high-frequency native Germanic words: such as articles, prepositions, conjunctions, numerals, auxiliary verbs, and words denoting objects and concepts of everyday life (child, water, come, good, bad). In addition, the grammatical structure, essentially Germanic, remained untouched by foreign influence.
1) Transcription (phonetic way) — borrowing a vocabulary unit, in which its sound form is preserved. In English from fr.: ballet, bouquet, from English: football, trailer.
2) Transliteration — a borrowing method in which the method of writing a foreign word is borrowed, the letters of the borrowed word are replaced by the letters of the native language. During transliteration, the word is read according to the rules of the native language.
— Audio lat. listen — audience, audible
— Demos greek. people — demography, democracy
3) Tracing — a borrowing method in which the components of a borrowed word or phrase are translated separately and combined according to the model of a foreign word or phrase.
Using the tracing method in English, many words were created based on Latin and French:
— Masterpiece — fr. chef-d’oeuvre
English in the early Middle Ages took a large number of borrowings from Scandinavian languages (including such basic words as ‘skin’, ‘sick’ and even ‘she’). The most massive flow of borrowings is medieval, after the Norman Conquest, from the Old French language; because of this, almost half of the English dictionary has Romanesque roots. In modern times, a large number of Latin scholars and new borrowings from continental languages entered the language.