Платная доработка на тему The history of dictionary making.

Содержание:

Introduction 3
The history of English and Russian dictionaries 4
Modern electronic dictionaries 8
Conclusion 11
List of references 12

Введение:

Introduction
The relevance of research. No speaker of Russian or English knows all the words. The common reader turns to a dictionary for information about the spelling, pronunciation, meaning and proper use of words. He wants to know what is current and respectable. At the same time, it looks like dictionaries are always were here. People seldom think about origin on the dictionaries. But there is a long history of dictionary making. Today we face a very interesting period. Today, most people in Russia, the United States, and Europe use various kinds of gadgets. Dictionaries fit into this information model, they, however, are often inconvenient for consumers, do not meet their needs and do not clearly reflect a particular segment of the language.
The aim of the study is to describe the history of dictionary making.
Tasks of the study:
1. To analyze the history of English and Russian dictionaries.
2. To characterize Modern electronic dictionaries.
The following research methods were determined: analysis of literature on the topic of research; synthesis; generalization; continuous sampling method; opiate method.

Заключение:

First dictionaries were created in Europe during the medieval period. The beginning of the history of creating dictionaries is associated with Latin, the international language of communication of European civilization. The first English dictionaries were Latin-English and were created to explain complex and obscure Latin words. Later, with the development of international trade, there was a demand for dictionaries of foreign languages. The most famous of these dictionaries is Cooper’s Thesaurus (1565). The most famous dictionaries in Britain were made by John Kersey, Nathaniel Bailey, and Samuel Johnson. Noah Webster is the most famous of all American dictionary-makers. The oldest Russian dictionary was made in Novgorod, in 1282. 
Gradually, dictionaries acquired their modern look. Dictionaries have played an important role in the education and culture of all countries. An urgent task of modern computer lexicography is the development of optimal-to-use, complete, universal electronic dictionaries. It is the electronic lexicographic form that will allow in the near future combining the results of research aimed at creating a variety of types of dictionaries. 

Фрагмент текста работы:

The history of English and Russian dictionaries
The main reason for the emergence of dictionaries in Europe was due to the fact that people of medieval Europe used Latin as a language of international communication. Latin was widely spoken as the language of science and law in England, France and many other countries as well. There were many words in the books of that time that could be unknown to readers, and which the readers would like to have been explained to them. So the first dictionaries were made to explain unknown Latin words.
The first European dictionaries were simply lists of Latin terms. In some cases, they were accompanied by a translation into the European language. In other cases, relatively complex Latin terms were explained more simply in the same Latin language. 
There were translations of Latin terms into English in England. Very early in the Anglo-Saxon period we find glosses containing native English equivalents for the hard Latin terms. It may be the Leiden and Erfurt Glosses that represent the earliest written English we have.
Similar dictionaries continued to be compiled during the entire Anglo-Saxon and most of the Middle-English period. They were all about the same. It is impossible to name any particularly well-known or developed dictionary.
The next stage of dictionaries development in England was a kind of early Latin-English dictionary. The first example was written in East Anglia around 1400.
The first great classical dictionary was Cooper’s Thesaurus (1565). This dictionary was perhaps the first dictionary in the modern sense of the word. It resembled modern dictionaries. 
But it can be noted that until the seventeenth century the term “dictionary” was never used. Lists of Latin terms with translation into other languages were called differently, but the word “dictionary” was never used [1, p. 678].
The first English book to use the name “dictionary”, The English Dictionary (1623), was subtitled “An Interpreter of Hard Words”. This work was the real forerunner of modern explanatory dictionaries. It was not only called the word “dictionary”, familiar to us, but the purpose of its compilation was modern. The English Dictionary (1623) was a list of words with explanations of their meaning to readers, who didn’t know these words or hesitated about their exact implication.