Курсовая теория на тему Structure of the English and Spanish sentence

Содержание:

Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Semantic and syntactic features of English sentences 4
1.1 Structure of a simple sentence in English 4
1.2 Types of simple sentences in English 6
1.3 Structure of a complex-compound sentence in English 11
Chapter 2. Grammar and syntactic essence of the Spanish sentence in comparison with English ones 15
2.1 Structure of Spanish sentences 15
2.2 Types of syntax connection in sentences 18
2.3 Similarities and differences in the construction of English and Spanish sentences 26
Conclusion 31
References 32

Введение:

In the history of typological studies, the typology of sentence occupies perhaps the most important place. At the end of the sixties interest in typological research in the field of syntax was enormous; by the beginning of the eighties, interest in studying the syntax of a sentence as the basic unit of a language had noticeably decreased. The focus of research has shifted from the structure of the sentence to its function in speech. At the same time, the study of the literature about the syntax of a simple sentence shows that in virtually every scientific work or textbook on the syntax not only English, but also the Russian language, the lists of types of simple sentences and their interpretation are significantly different from each other. Such diversity in approaches greatly complicates the study of the language and creates certain problems within translating texts.
The relevance of the study is the increasing importance of both English and Spanish in the field of international communication. To researches of a sentence as a grammar class are devoted works of such linguists as V.V. Vinogradov, C. David, R. Huddleston, G.K. Pullum, B.E. Zernov, B.A. Ilish, T.M. Nikolaeva, V.N. Zhigadlo, I.L. Godkin, M.G. Polyakova, B.A. Krivonosova and others.
The subjects of the study are English and Spanish sentences. The objects are the structures of a sentence in both languages. The aim is to consider the structure of English and Spanish sentence. In accordance with this aim the following tasks are set in the study:
− to investigate a structure of a simple sentence in English;
− to investigate types of a simple sentence in English;
− to consider structure of a complex-compound sentence in English;
− to consider structure of Spanish sentences;
− to consider general types of syntax connection in sentences;
− to investigate similarities and differences in the construction of English and Spanish sentences.
Within writing the study there will be used such theoretical methods as analogy, classification, analysis and generalization. The study consists from introduction, two chapters, conclusion and references. The significance of this study is that the results obtained in it contribute to obtaining a more holistic view of simple sentences and can be used in further mastering the grammatical structure of the English language.
The study consists from introduction, two chapters, conclusion and list of references.

Заключение:

There have already been written many works about the typology of a simple sentence. Nevertheless, this topic remains relevant to this day. The syntax of the sentence is one of the central problems in the study of a foreign language, and in this case English is no exception.
Sentence is a language unit that has a structure that gives this unit the possibility of using it as a subject-predicate structure. A sentence is characterized by a structure that gives this language unit the opportunity to be used as the smallest independent segment of speech. Simple sentence gives the language unit the possibility of independent use in speech, gives the sentence a relative independence.
The main types of sentences are divided into four types: declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences. Simple sentences can also be divided into personal, indefinite-personal sentences, sentences with an indefinitely indicative subject, sentences with a negative subject and sentences with a question subject. As any other meaningful unit of a language, a simple sentence has a form. Within its using in a language, simple sentences are often linked together in complex ones. In order to give meaning to the newly created syntactic structures, there used a coordinate connection between simple sentences as parts of a complex one, as well as between the structures of the simplest sentence.
A compound sentence may consist of two or more simple sentences that can be connected or not connected by conjunctions. In the case of a coordination connection the sentences are separated from each other by a semicolon or comma, and during reading — by lowering the voice at the end of each sentence. Simple sentences that are included in complex sentences are pronounced with a lowering intonation.
As grammatical relations between words expresses in English a certain syntactic relations, and the expression of the lexical subject and the lexical predicate is less important, the main function of word order in English is grammatical. This is the main distinctive part of the English sentence from Spanish, where the order of presentation of information by degree of importance prevails over the order of the grammatical basis, the most communicatively weighty word, as a rule, is at the end.
Thus, the aim set in the work is achieved and the tasks are fulfilled. Were considered a structure of a simple sentence in English and types of a simple sentence in English; a structure of a complex-compound sentence in English and types of syntax connection in sentences. Were investigated a structure of Spanish sentences, general types of syntax connection in sentences, similarities and differences in the construction of English and Spanish sentences.

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter 1. Semantic and syntactic features of English sentences

1.1 Structure of a simple sentence in English
Sentence is a language unit that has a structure that gives this unit the possibility of using it as a minimal utterance (speech part), namely, subject-predicate structure.
From this definition it follows that: [13, p. 226]
▪ a sentence is a language unit, but such a unit, which is characterized by a structure that gives this language unit the opportunity to be used as minimal, i.e. the smallest independent segment of speech, as the minimum speech part;
▪ structure, which gives the language unit the possibility of independent use in speech, is the subject-predicate structure (subject-predicate structure). It is this structure that gives the sentence a relative independence, expressed in the ability of independent use as the minimum of a speech part;
▪ subject-predicative structure only allows the independent use of the sentence in speech. But this possibility is not always realized: the proposal may be included in the larger formations («complex sentences») and thereby its independence loses and becomes no longer a minimum of verbal communication, but a part of a larger statement. From this, however, due to its subject-predicative structure is preserved, the sentence does not cease to be a sentence.
The sentence is used in speech as the minimum unit of communication, the unit of communication. Every sentence says something: either approves or denies something, or asks about something or prompts the listener (reader) to perform one or another action — that is, includes some information. Therefore, it is not necessary to attribute to the number of sentences those speech statements that do not contain any message, i.e. not intended to convey information. To these types of statements refers the following non-sentences structures:
1. Interjections, for example: Ah! Oh! Hullo! Bang! Alas! Cock-a-doodle-doo! etc.
2. Formulas of politeness, for example: greetings — Good morning; How do you do; etc .; goodbyes — Good-bye; So long; congratulations — A merry Christmas; A happy New Year; Many happy returns; etc .; thanks — Thank you; and some others.
3. Calls, for example: John! Waiter! and etc.
It is important to notice that a sentence, like any other meaningful unit of a language, has a form. Again, as in the case of other significant units of the language, the attention of native speakers is usually not fixed on the form of the sentence, and therefore its existence does not seem as obvious as the content. The existence of the form of a sentence becomes obvious if one turn to artificial constructions.
Each sentence is decorated intonation. In this regard intonation design is an inherent feature of any sentence. As well as in many other things, in the language not absolute signs of such design are important in intonation, but based on the opposition of intonation relative ones, which characterize different communicative types of sentences. In such a way there is a difference between the intonation of the narrative and interrogative sentences (general question). [3, p. 71]
It should be noted that the establishment of various methods of communication between words and the study of functions of these words by themselves do not exhaust the syntactic study, since they do not reveal the nature of the main syntactic category — sentences. So, for example, if one take such regular words related to each other as “a large room”, “to look at it”, “look at the doctor’s arrival”, or even “his having come”, it’s easy to make sure that in all these cases words are connected with each other according to certain rules, and although the relationships established by this connection are understandable, the phrases still have no real, or actual, meaning. They express not integral thought, but rather fragment of thought and at the same time something absent, which makes this series of naturally connected words a sentence. This means that the question of a phrase or a regular grammatical combination of words on the one hand, and the question of a sentence on the other hand, are closely related problems. [21, p. 122] These are still two different problems, and the leading one is the problem of constructing suggestions as such.
One of the remarkable features of a language is the plasticity of its system in relation to the needs and tasks of speech communication. In vocabulary it manifests itself in the possibilities of the formation of new words and the use in figurative meanings of existing ones, in a wide range of possibilities of combining lexical meanings of words. In syntax it manifests itself in the possibility of constructing a practically unlimited number of infinitely varied sentences from a large but quantitatively limited inventory of words and on the basis of a quantitatively small (compared with the dictionary) numerous of grammatical rules. But if there are no structural limits in the direction of increasing the size and composition of the sentence, the oppositely directed coagulation procedure has a clearly defined limit. Such a limit is an elementary sentence. The omission of any element in its composition destroys it as a structural and semantic unit.
English sentences can be classified not only by the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, exclamation), but also by the method of formation. The classification of sentences by structure provides for the division of English sentences into two large groups — simple and complex sentences, that is, by analogy with the Russian language.
Simple sentences in English have a rather simple formation scheme. They are called so because the structure of this construction implies the existence of only one grammatical basis with the main parts of the sentence: the subject and predicate.
Those sentences in which there are minor terms are called complex-compound sentences. Secondary members are the object, the attribute and the adverbial modifier. And the structures where only the main members of the sentence form the basis of the sentence are called the unextended sentence.

1.2 Types of simple sentences in English
It is well known that the purpose of the statement says how and why the sentences are used: approve or ask, order or exclaim. According to this classification, the sentences are divided into four types:
1. Declarative sentences — declarative sentences:
▪ They want to repair the roof of their country cottage.
▪ I didn’t go to the gym yesterday.
2. Interrogative sentences, which are used in order to ask and clarify information. They are general, special, alternative and dividing. The peculiarity is that in all questions, except for the dividing one, the reverse word order is used: auxiliary / modal verb — subject — semantic verb. With special questions, the question word is also used (What? When? Where? etc.):
▪ Do you mind taking Larry with us? (general question)
▪ Where is he? (special question) Can you see him? (general question)
3. Imperative sentences. This type is needed in order to order, request or invite something to do. In imperative sentences, one most often refer to the second person (you). It is possible also to suggest to the other person something to do with the help of the word let’s:
▪ Please shut the door.
▪ Just look at her!
4. Exclamatory sentences.
Such sentences express emotions. On the letter they can always be recognized by the exclamation mark at the end. In speech, exclamations are usually pronounced loudly and emotionally:
▪ That’s brilliant! — This is genius!
▪ The weather is wonderful!
Considering main types of sentences, it should be noted that, depending on the content of the subject, sentences can be classified in a known manner and certain general types of sentences can be distinguished. The main line here is between personal and impersonal sentences.
A personal sentence is such a sentence in which the subject denotes a subject to a certain extent amenable to isolation and definitionб for example: “He arrived”, where, although it is not known who arrived, but a specific person is still thought male.
In the impersonal sentence, on the contrary, the subject is not amenable to isolation and definition. It seems to dissolve in reality, but does not stand out as a certain part and has no definite boundaries, for example: “It is necessary”, where the subject has a very unclear and elusive meaning of a known situation that makes necessary something. Also:
▪ It is necessary to go there / to stay there / to do that, etc.
Also: “it snows” where it is impossible to understand clearly even this vague and indefinite meaning.
English impersonal sentences differ from Russian impersonal sentences in that they always have a subject:
▪ It is dark and It is getting dark;
▪ It is necessary to go there.
However, this subject, as already mentioned, does not denote any real subject: the elusive content, which is enclosed in the subject (known situation, life situation), as if dissolved in the content of the predicate and cannot be selected and considered independently. In this regard this subject can be called impersonal.
It should be noted that impersonal sentences with a subject in English have arisen in relatively recent times. In any case, in ancient texts there are impersonal sentences without the subject type «snows». It may be thought that the introduction of it as a subject is in direct connection with a decrease in the number of verbal forms and an increase in their homonymy: the habit of using the subject in other cases is also transferred to these cases.
Thus, English impersonal sentences differ from Russian impersonal sentences in that impersonality here is expressed not by the lack of a subject as in Russian impersonal sentences, but in the semantic emptiness of the subject or in its impersonality. Impersonal sentences include types such as
▪ It is useful, it is necessary,