Курсовая теория на тему Научно-популярный стиль

Содержание:

Introduction. 2

Chapter 1. Characteristic features of scientific
functional style. 4

1.1. Comparative analysis of functional speech styles in
modern English. 4

1.2. Main characteristics of scientific functional style
of speech. 7

1.3. Terminology as the main component of scientific style. 9

Chapter 1 conclusions. 13

Chapter 2. Stylistic aspect of popular science functional
style. 14

2.1. Expressive means and stylistic techniques in popular
science style. 14

2.2. Semantic features of scientific texts in translation. 16

2.3. Structural features of popular science texts. 19

Chapter 2 conclusions. 22

Conclusion. 23

References  27

Введение:

The functional style is
historical, public recognition of speech variety, with a specific nature
arising from the realization of special principles of selection and combination
of linguistic means that is the species corresponding to particular socially
meaningful interaction and activities correlative with a certain form of
consciousness — science, art, law, etc.). One such functional style is the scientific
style.

The scientific style of speech is
a means of communication in the field of science, educational and scientific
activities. Each member of modern society at different times of life and to
different degrees is faced with texts of this style, functioning in oral and
written form, so mastering the norms of the scientific and
scientific-educational style of speech is an important part of the culture of
oral and written speech.

The scientific style belongs to
the book styles of the literary language with common modalities and similar
linguistic features, including pre-deliberation statements, monologic nature of
the speech, strict selection of linguistic resources, and the desire for
normalized speech.

The relevance of the topic of the
course work is that any educated person, University graduate, head of an
organization or enterprise needs not only knowledge of the scientific style of
the modern language, but also fluency in it if necessary.

It is not for nothing that the
emergence and development of the scientific style are associated with the
progress of scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of
nature and man.

The object of research is the
scientific style of the modern English literary language. The subject of the
research is the language features of the scientific style of speech.

The purpose of this work is to
give the main characteristics of the scientific style of the modern English
literary language.

In connection with this goal, it
is necessary to solve the following tasks:

— To give a general description
of the scientific style of speech;

— Consider the variety of types
of scientific style and their genres;

— Identify the language features
of the scientific style of speech;

— Offer tasks to determine the
scientific style in modern English.

The research method is
descriptive, and analytical research methods such as analysis and comparison
were also used. The material of the work consists of research by such
scientists as Galperin, Razinkina, Arnold, Vakurov, and others.

This work is theoretical in
nature and consists of an introduction, two chapters with conclusions to them,
a conclusion, and a list of references.

Заключение:

The scientific style of speech is
one of the functional varieties of literary language that serves the sphere of
science and production. It is implemented in specialized book texts of various
genres.

Science is a particular sphere of
human activity. It is designed to provide true information about the world
around us. And although it is possible to comprehend the laws of the
surrounding world in other ways (not only scientific), it is a science that is
addressed to the intellect, to logic. Scientific texts are associated with a
focus on the professional reader. So, the main features of the language of
science are accuracy and objectivity. The plot of the scientific text is
unusual: the author introduces the reader to the process of searching for the
truth. The reader must follow him along the way to make (and thus double-check)
logical moves and come to the desired conclusion-the result. The author models
the situation, presenting the process of searching for the truth in the most
optimal way, in his opinion.

The composition of a typical
scientific text reflects the sequence of phases of scientific research:

· Awareness of the problem
(question, task) and goal setting – “introduction”;

· Search for ways to solve the
problem, search for possible options and put forward a hypothesis, proof of the
idea (hypothesis) — " the main part";

· Solving a research problem and
getting an answer — "conclusion".

The method of presentation is thus
a method of proof. The text of even not very large scientific works — articles,
messages-is usually divided into categories, emphasizing the transition from
one research episode to the next.

The text of a scientific
utterance is created as a chain of "steps" — actions within the text
that form a logical framework, which is then perceived by even an untrained
reader in a text rich in special characters and appropriate terminology.

In a scientific text on any
specialty, you can easily identify the language tools that are used to
construct this logical framework. These are, for example, the verbs denote,
set, compose, define, find, select, consider, and so on. The author
methodically explains to his interlocutor exactly what mental operations he
performs at one time or another: gives definitions, goes to the next question,
returns to the starting point, gives an example, analyzes the results of the
experiment, makes a conclusion, etc.

A scientific text has a complex
organization. In it, you can conditionally distinguish two layers in terms of
what information the reader receives:

· the actual, directly about the
object of research;

· information about how the
author organizes this factual information.

The second type of information
(and the elements that enter it) is usually called metatext. The presence of
metatext is one of the essential properties of a scientific text.

The complexity of the information
that scientific communication partners "work" with makes the author
care about organizing the actual information in such a way that it would be
easier for the interlocutor to perceive it and keep it in memory. So, in order
not to lose the thread of the story, the author reminds the reader what is at
stake, from time to time returning to what he was talking about, usually adding
a small portion of new information to this — in the text, this movement
corresponds to semantic repetition.

In terms of volume, semantic
repetitions are different: it can be a fragment of text (one or two pages, one or
several paragraphs), a sentence, part of a sentence, or a complex phrase.
Semantic repetitions are not a disadvantage of a scientific text, but, on the
contrary, they help to organize it. Some repetitions are a necessary attribute
of the composition. They play a particularly important role in summing up the
results of scientific work. In term papers, thesis papers, dissertations
semantic repetitions of a small amount (sentence, paragraph) can complete each
more or less significant topic (such as a paragraph), a large semantic redo a
large part (e.g. Chapter by Chapter), and all work — semantic repetition in the
amount of one to two pages ("Conclusion").

The regularities of using
language tools in a scientific style are determined by the factors that have already
been mentioned-objectivity and accuracy.

Objectivity implies that
information does not depend on the whim of a particular person, is not the
result of his feelings and emotions. In the text of scientific work, it
manifests itself both in the presence of certain mandatory content components
and in the form — in the manner of narration.

One of the main ways to create
the effect of objectivity of the content is a reference to the scientific
tradition-an indication of the reference to this object of research, problem,
task, term, etc. by other scientists. Reference to the scientific tradition in
small works is often limited to the list of names of scientists who have worked
on this problem. Such lists are often compiled in alphabetical order.

Ignoring the principle of
continuity causes the reader a negative impression. At best, this can be
regarded as negligence, at worst-as the appropriation of the results of someone
else’s intellectual work, that is, plagiarism.

The "objectivity of the
form" of the scientific style implies the rejection of language means that
are associated with the transmission of emotions: interjections and particles
that convey emotions and feelings, emotionally-colored vocabulary and
expressive models of sentences are not used; a clear preference is given to a
neutral word order; exclamation intonation is not characteristic of scientific
speech, and interrogative intonation is limited.

The requirement of objectivity
determines the features of the manner of narration. First of all, it is a
refusal to narrate in the first person, that is, from the "personal"
manner of narration.

The specificity of the scientific
style is because the meaning of time in the scientific style is irrelevant
(this is understandable since science speaks of " eternal truths"):
the opposition of the present to the past and the future practically
disappears.

An important feature of science
is accuracy. The scientific style in the mind of the average person, of course,
is primarily associated with terms.

The main feature and value of the
term are that it carries a large amount of logical information.

The scientific style, as well as
the official one, is very consistent in the choice and use of words: it sharply
narrows the vocabulary of the common language, imposes a ban on non-literary
vocabulary (jargon, dialectisms, colloquial words), and does not allow literary
words if they have an emotional connotation. The word, entering into scientific
usage, loses its color, being filled with other content. Features of the
scientific style can be displayed with a greater or lesser degree of rigor.
This depends on many reasons: both the genre and the subject matter (in the
technical Sciences, the language is regulated to a greater extent than in the
Humanities), but the main factor is still the addressee factor. The author of
the text, if he wants not only to provide scientific information, but also to
achieve its understanding, should be guided by the amount of knowledge of his
partner, and what is the purpose of familiarizing the partner with this
information.

Depending on how the author
defines the capabilities and needs of his "interlocutor", he can use
one of the variations of the scientific style: the actual scientific,
scientific-educational, or popular scientific litter. The main variety is the
actual scientific litter. On its basis, there is a lightweight version intended
for those who are just learning a new field of knowledge, scientific and
educational litter. A small degree of competence of the reader or listener leads
to the appearance of a popular science text.

In the field of science, the main
written genres are theses, articles, and monographs, since they are used to
transmit new scientific information. Other genres are either a reworking of
this information, which they give, presenting information in an adapted,
concise form (abstract), or give it an assessment (review).

The rigor of the scientific style
reaches its apogee in genres that are a document, and therefore are influenced
by the official business style. Strict requirements apply to the total student
work: regulated the composition of the work (division into chapters or
paragraphs, the plan (table of contents), sections "Introduction",
"Conclusion" (or "Insights"), "Bibliography", and
often "Application"), its design (indication on the title page
details of "supervisor", "Genre" (coursework, thesis, etc.)

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter 1. Characteristic features
of scientific functional style

1.1. Comparative analysis of
functional speech styles in modern English

Functional style (also known as
Register) is a socially conscious and functionally determined set of techniques
for using, selecting and combining language tools aimed at achieving a specific
message goal. The very concept of functional style is related to the concept of
“language variability” because in fact there are different numbers of
functional styles. [4:83]

Professor I. R. Galperin
identifies five styles:

1. Artistic

2. Journalistic

3. Newspaper

4. Business

5. Technical [4:84]

I. V. Arnold describes four
styles:

1. Political

2. Scientific and technical

3. Newspaper

4. Colloquial [1:155]

The functional style is a kind of
originality of methods of use, selection, and combination of language means,
which in no case should be confused with individual style. However, it is also
worth noting the difficulties of identifying functional styles, since:

1. Functional styles are
intertwined.

2. Functional styles are
historically variable.

3. Functional styles are closely
related to genres. A style can consist of a set of genres (for example, the
style of fiction is a novel, short story, poem, etc.), they have a core and
their own parameters. [4:93]

The functional style includes two
main categories: 1. Literary (book) styles,
literary language. This category is characterized by preliminary thinking,
analysis, and strict selection of language tools;

2. Free-spoken style. This
category is characterized by spontaneity and dialog. [11:76]

M. N. Lapshina identified the
following styles:

1. The style of artistic speech

2. Journalistic style

3. Oratorical style

4. Scientific and technical style

5. Newspaper style

6. Free-colloquial style

7. Official-business style [9:92]

As we already know, the language
system is a structure of phonetic, lexical, and phonetic subsystems, which
includes many elements of the language, which determines their quite natural
relationships. [4:90]

The literary norm of a language
can be determined by the degree of use of normative vocabulary, provided that
the sources are authoritative. The correctness of speech is determined not by
logical or etymological criteria, but only by the use of words in the speech of
educated native speakers that correspond to the literary norm. [3:92]

Norms of "correct
speech" are studied by normative stylistics (orthology). This science not
only examines different aspects of language functioning but also evaluates and
analyzes language forms as "correct" and "incorrect", as
well as studies the nature and extent of conscious influence on language
development both on the part of native speakers of this language and on the
part of the educational system. [Арнольд, C. 163] the existence of a norm is
directly related to such definitions as:

Structure – norm — individual
speech;

Neutral style — colloquial style
— bookish style.

According to the General literary
standard, the norm of a language consists of functional styles, registers,
situational conditions, colloquialisms, and dialects. The structure and norm of
a language are represented as an abstraction. In the course of observation, it
is possible to note individual speech represented in the style of the text. [11:64]

Содержание:

Introduction 4
Chapter 1. The problem of functional styles in linguistics 7
1.1 Basic functional styles of speech 7
1.2 Science and the scientific functional style 10
Conclusion to chapter 1 20
Chapter 2. Scientific-popular discourse 21
2.1 Functions of scientific-popular style 21
2.2 The main features of the scientific-popular discourse 23
Conclusion to chapter 2 29
Conclusion 30
References 32

Введение:

The relevance of the term paper is determined by the fact that the problem of popular science discourse is controversial. Some linguists find no place for this style in the system of functional styles of speech. Some linguists believe that there is a special popular discourse. Up to now there has not been worked out any commonly accepted definition of what a “popular science style” is.
Style is the central notion of stylistics; it reflects the essential properties of the language units in their functional aspect. The concept of styles of speech describes the type of language that is used in certain spheres of life or human activity: in business, in fiction, in scientific work, etc. Speech styles are usually called functional, and this attribute indicates the main principle on the basis of which they are differentiated– the function they perform in language, and consequently in speech, because language exists only through speech (either oral or written).
The existence of different functional styles in language and speech is ensured, first of all, by the presence of synonymous linguistic means existing in the field of vocabulary, phonetics, morphology, and syntax of the given language, which makes it possible to convey approximately similar content in utterances belonging to different functional styles.
Scientific style of speech is a means of communication in the field of science and education. Each member of modern society at different times of life and to different degrees makes use of the texts of this style, functioning in oral or written form, so the mastery of the norms of scientific and scientific-popular style of speech is an important part of the culture of the Russian or any other nation.
The emergence and development of the scientific-popular style is associated with the progress of science in various spheres of life. Some people are quite keen on science. But not everybody knows or is aware of special terminology used in this or that branch of science. That’s why there exists a special “scientific-popular” type of discourse.
To our mind the topic of styles in language and the study of the particular style (in our case it is the scientific-popular style) is quite relevant and timely as it will make our knowledge of English deeper and more thorough and contribute to better understanding of the structural, semantic and stylistic essence of the language we are studying.
The object of the research
The object of the present research is functional styles of speech in language.
The subject of the research
The subject of the research is the scientific-popular style and scientific-popular discourse in the English language and functional peculiarities of this type of discourse.
The main goal of the research
The aim of this work is to analyze the essence of style in language and different aspects of the scientific-popular discourse.
The tasks of the study
To achieve the aim of the research we set the following tasks to be solved:
1) To study the basic theoretical conceptions of functional styles in language;
2) to analyze the concept of science and of the scientific-popular functional style;
3) to study the main features of the scientific-popular discourse.
The methods of the research
In the process of analysis we made use of different methods, the main method being the descriptive one with its four constituent elements: observation, generalization, interpretation, comparison and classification.
Practical significance of the research
The information contained in the given term paper is of practical significance: it may be used in the practice of teaching a number of disciplines of the linguistic cycle: practical English, lexicology of the English language, stylistics of the English language, theory and practice of translation.
The structure of the term paper
The work consists of five parts: an introduction, two chapters, conclusion and the list of references.
The introduction outlines the relevance of the paper, the object and subject of the research, states the goal and tasks of the study, describes the methods of investigation, and outlines its practical significance of the work and its structure.
The first chapter is devoted to the consideration of the main theoretical conceptions related to the notions of stylistics as a science and that of style.
The second chapter deals with the analysis of the scientific-popular discourse.
In the conclusion we described the results of the investigation performed in the term paper on the whole.
The list of references contains 25 sources, including the sources in English.

Заключение:

The concept of functional style was created in the second half of the last century. This was facilitated by technological, agricultural, political and other certain changes in the life of society that led to changes in the use of language. The problem of functional styles was worked out in the works of M.M. Bakhtin, V.V. Vinogradov, I.V. Arnold, I.R. Galperin, Yu.M. Skrebnev, V.A. Kukharenko, M.N. Kozhina and other outstanding linguists.
Functional styles are formed in the language under the influence of the following conditions: the communication situation (official or unofficial situation, number of participants, etc.); goals of communication (talk, inform, persuade, instruct, etc.).The main function of scientific styles to transmit and distribute scientific information, as well as to prove its authenticity. The main features of the scientific style are: the use of scientific terminology, abstract vocabulary, and logic. The scientific style can be found in articles, research papers, school essays, monographs and educational literature.
The function of science is to work out and systematize objective knowledge about reality. The aim of science is to give a scientific explanation of natural and artificial phenomena existing in objective reality and to predict future processes that may take place in human life on the basis of the laws established by science.
Scientists and scholars should be aware of the peculiarities of their professional discourse in order to be able to present their inventions and the results of their work both to scientific community and to ordinary people.
In order to perform its function the scientific discourse should meet some requirements: it should be built according to a certain appropriate structure; it should be informative and interesting for both other scientists and scholars and for the people outside the scientific community.
Sharing the results and the information of their scientific research contributes to the further achievements in the field of science as well as to the progress of human life on the planet of Earth.
The scope of application of popular science literature is very wide: science, education, and literature. Popular science discourse is created with the aim to impart some scientific facts and phenomena, to exercise some influence on the recipient in order to provoke his interest to the particular scientific phenomenon or discovery.
Since the text of popular science work is intended for both specialists in the field of the described phenomenon and for non-specialistsit should be restricted in the use of terminology. In contrast to scientific texts, the popular science text includes the artistic element and expressive means against the background of a smooth, serious narrative.
Because the target audience of popular science texts is a non-specialist reader, these texts must be written in a neutral style and neutral vocabulary. The popular science character of the presentation demands moderate use of scientific terminology and scientific facts. Since the target recipient of the popular science text is the mass audience it (the text) should contain various linguistic and stylistic techniques that enrich the narrative and make it more attractive. To such techniques belong artistic definitions, metaphors, similes and other stylistic expressive means and stylistic devices.

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter 1
The problem of functional styles in linguistics
1.1 Basic functional styles of speech
Functional style as a linguistic phenomenon has historical and social character. The concept of functional style was created in the second half of the last century.
This was facilitated by certain changes in society, the stratification of cultural conditions that led to changes in the use of language. This period was the starting point for the formation of functional styles [3, p. 62].
In the system of the national language itself, layers of language word stock have been formed that have a high frequency of use in certain areas of communication. These layers are called language styles; they potentially exist in the language system and are implemented in human speech activity, forming speech styles. We make use different language means (phonological, grammatical, vocabulary) in different situation and different spheres of life. There are several functional spheres of life (journalistic, artistic, conversational, etc.). The choice of style depends on the situation of communication and other extra linguistic factors.
For a long time, linguists have tried to define the concept of functional style. However, only in the middle of the XX century, namely in 1955, the outstanding Russian linguist V.V. Vinogradov managed to form the definition. According to V.V. Vinogradov, «Functional style is a socially conscious and functionally conditioned, internally united set of techniques for using, selecting and combining means of speech communication in the sphere of a public, national language,correlative with other similar ways of expression that serve for other purposes, perform other functions in the speech social practice of this people» [3, p. 72].
In fact, the scientific study of functional style began much earlier. The Prague linguistic circle, which was formed in 1926, first tried to identify the main functional styles and define the concept of style itself.
Functional styles are formed in the language under the influence of the following conditions:
1) Features of the communication situation (official or non-official situation, number of participants, etc.);
2) Functions and goals of communication (to talk to somebody, to inform about something, persuade of something, to instruct somebody, etc.).
As a rule, the following spheres of human activity are distinguished, each of which has its own special functions and is implemented in certain conditions:
1) The sphere of everyday communication (communication is carried out in an informal setting, usually in the form of a dialogue; the purpose of communication is a casual conversation, conversation on everyday topics);
2) the scope of educational and scientific activities (communication is carried out, as a rule, in an official setting, for the purpose of communicating or receiving scientific data in written or oral form);
3) the sphere of business communication (communication is carried out in an official setting for the purpose of communicating information of a ascertaining, instructing or other business nature);
4) the sphere of social-political activity (communication is carried out through the media, usually with the aim of influencing the broad masses of readers or listeners, forming public opinion and consciousness).