Курсовая теория на тему Наречие и его грамматические признаки

Содержание:

Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Adverb as a grammatical category 4
1.1. Semantic features of adverbs in English and their types 4
1.2 Syntactic features of adverbs 11
Chapter 2. Adverbs as a part of sentence 19
2.1 Adverbs in its relation with the others part of speech 19
2.2. Formation of adverbs at the present stage of linguistics 21
Conclusion 27
List of literature 28

Введение:

Nowadays studying of the structure and grammatical formation of a word as part of speech is an object of special study that attracts linguistic researchers in a comparative typological aspect. In comparative linguistics there are many studies about the comparative study of languages, among which there are many works devoted to theoretical questions. An adverb as an independent part of speech was singled out in ancient grammar. But, despite this, the development of a universal model of its classification is still one of the urgent problems for researchers. In the current approaches to the classification of adverbs – semantic, grammatical and pragmatic – it is possible to observe the distribution of adverbs by its meaning, form, ability to use it in certain syntactic structures, also position relative to that part of the utterance in which they function. The problem of adverbs as an independent part of speech considered in their studies such linguists as M. Y. Bloh, N. Lavrov, L. G. Larionova, L. V. Solovyova, L. K. Chikina, M.V. Fedorova and others.
The relevance of the study is caused by a number of reasons: the intensification of interaction and mutual enrichment of languages in the modern world; the desire to improve the teaching and learning of foreign languages; necessity to build a methodology for teaching a non-native language, taking into account the characteristic features of the native language; optimization of teaching foreign languages in the whole.
The subject of the study is an adverb in English. The aim is to research an adverb as a grammatical category. In accordance with this aim, the following tasks are set in the study:
− to consider semantic features of adverbs in English and their types;
− to investigate syntactic features of adverbs in English and their types;
− to investigate adverbs in its relation with the others part of speech;
− to consider formation of adverbs at the present stage of linguistics.

Заключение:

Adverbs in the English language are independent parts of speech that determine the character of the action. The form is divided into 4 groups: simple, derivatives, complex and composite. By value they are divided into: adverbs of manner, adverbs of place, adverbs of time, adverbs of frequency, and adverbs of degree. Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix «-ly» to the adjective, but there are also forms that must be remembered. Adverbs can stand either at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence, and have a comparative and superlative degree of comparison, as well as adjectives. Adverbs become an indispensable element of the structure, both text and sentence, and its forming factor. However, it should be noted that if in the English language new classifications of adverbs continue to appear.
The field structure of the adverb is distinguished, firstly, by the small number of the core, and secondly, by the high ability of the adverbs included in it to function in positions of service that are not typical for large parts of speech. It can be argued in this connection that the field structure is inherent not only in every large part of speech, but also in their entirety. The adverb occupies an extreme peripheral place in the transverse system and therefore is least characterized by the properties of a large part of speech, it is closest to the service classes. A review of adverb classifications showed that different linguists take into account various criteria when subcategorizing adverbs: structure, meaning, function. The classification also can be based on the principle of substitution. In this regard the variety of classifications of adverbs is due to the difference in the criteria underlying the classifications.
Thus, the aim settled in the study is achieved and tasks are fulfilled: were considered semantic and syntactic features of adverbs in English and their types; adverbs in its relation with the others part of speech; formation of adverbs at the present stage of linguistics

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter 1. Adverb as a grammatical category

1.1. Semantic features of adverbs in English and their types
An adverb in the English language is a lexical-grammatical class of immutable words that is denoting a sign of action, property or object and performing in the syntactic function of an adverbial modifier or a definition, less often − a predicate. It is known that an adverb as a part of speech is determined by a set of morphological, semantic and syntactic features.
The main morphological features of adverbs are:
− the absence of inflection, lexical and derivational relativity with all the main classes of significant words;
− the presence of special morpheme inventory used in the formation of adverbs.
Linguists distinguish pronouns, nominal and verbal adverbs. The most ancient are pronoun adverbs that have lost their morphological dividedness. Most nominal adverbs were formed from “frozen” case forms that received independent meaning (space-time). Part of adverbs was formed from accusative. Some of them are prepositional-case forms.
In accordance with the Russian linguistic tradition, in Russian has been adopted a classification for English adverbs, according to which all adverbs are divided into two large classes: qualitative and circumstantial. In the adverbs of the first type are presented various particular types of the general meaning of quality and attribute. A special group consists of quantitative adverbs, denoting the degree of quality and intensity of action. Qualitative adverbs in most cases have a formal sign: they are formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -1y. The exceptions are such adverbs as well, which is coincide with good, and adverbs such as fast, low, hard, which coincide in form with adjectives (the so-called «flat adverbs»). Quality adverbs determine the quality of action and are divided into subclasses:
1. Adverbs of manner and a way of action (sadly, slowly, gradually);
2. Adverbs of measure, degree and quantity (very, highly, scarcely).
Circumstantial adverbs indicate the different circumstances under which the action is performed, they are divided into adverbs of the place (here, near, there) and time (now, today, tonight). They do not define the nature and quality of the process, do not define its characteristics, but designate only the external circumstances of the action, give its external characteristic, while qualitative adverbs determine its internal character, having a certain tinge of modality. The circumstantial adverbs denote spatial, temporal, causal and target connections.
The circumstantial adverbs refer to the number of units of the first type. They relate to the predicate of the sentence or, which is the same, to the whole sentence. Words that are belonging to this syntactic type usually take the most independent syntactic position in a sentence. Qualitative adverbs refer to the second type of syntactic units. They perform in the sentence only one syntactic function − the definition of a verb. Along with qualitative and adverbial adverbs, some linguists distinguish a group of quantitative adverbs. Thus:
▪ qualitative: loudly, quickly, brightly;
▪ quantitative: rather, too, nearly, quite, fully;
▪ circumstantial: yesterday, often, before, upstairs
Quantitative adverbs, such as very, rather, show the degree, quantity of action or quality. It should be noted that compatibility of these adverbs is wider than compatibility of quality adverbs.
Within these groups is implemented even more fractional division of adverbs. Thus, M. Y. Bloh describes nine following groups of quantitative adverbs:
▪ high degree: very, quite, highly, greatly;
▪ excessive degree: too, awfully, tremendously;
▪ unexpected degree: surprisingly, amazingly;
▪ adverbs of moderate degree: fairly, relatively, rather;
▪ low degree: slightly, a little, a bit;
▪ approximate degree: almost, nearly;
▪ optimal degree: enough, sufficiently;
▪ inadeguate degree: insufficiently, ridiculously;
▪ under — degree: hardly, scarcely.
In some grammars there are distinguished qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial adverbs with a further division of the latter into two groups: adverbs of time and frequency.
Classification of adverbs according to B. S. Khaimovich and B. I. Rogovskaya consider that outside these classifications remain two small groups of adverbs used in the sentence, mainly in the service function:
1. Interrogative and relative adverbs how, when, where, why, making out interrogative sentences and introducing subordinate clauses;
2. Conjunctive adverbs therefore, however, nevertheless, moreover, etc., which are at different levels of transition from adverbs to conjunctions.
V. L. Kaushanskaya proposes a double classification of adverbs:
1. By structure: simple, derivative, compound, composite, degree, measure and quantity and manner.
2. By meaning: adverbs of time, repetition or frequency, place and direction, cause and consequence.
1. Simple — now, there, here, then, then, then, when, where.
2. Derivatives, which are formed from various bases with the help of suffixes — ly, — ward, — wise: badly, homeward, otherwise.
3. Complex, which are formed by a combination of different bases:
a) noun + preposition: overseas, underground;
b) noun + adjective: meanwhile;
c) adverb + noun: nowadays, beforehand;
d) adverb + preposition: forever;
e) pronoun + adverb: somewhere, anyhow;
e) adverb + adverb: whenever, southwest.
4. Compound prepositional-nominal (mostly substantive, rarely adjective combinations): on purpose, by chance, at last, at night, by hand, to death.