Курсовая с практикой на тему Затруднения при ответах на дихотомические вопросы в английском, немецком и русском языках

Содержание:

Introduction 3

Chapter I. Interrogative statement in English, Russian and German 6

1.1 The definition of the interrogative sentence 6

1.1.1 German and Russian interrogative sentences 9

1.2 Classification of interrogative sentences in English, German and Russian 12

Chapter II. Dichotomous questions in English, German and Russian 21

2.1 Functions of interrogative sentences in English 21

2.1.1 Function of interrogative sentences in German 25

2.2 Functions of interrogative sentences in Russian 30

2.3 An interrogative statement in a microdialog in English 33

Conclusion 38

Bibliography 41

Введение:

Introduction 3

Chapter I. Interrogative statement in English, Russian and German 6

1.1 The definition of the interrogative sentence 6

1.1.1 German and Russian interrogative sentences 9

1.2 Classification of interrogative sentences in English, German and Russian 12

Chapter II. Dichotomous questions in English, German and Russian 21

2.1 Functions of interrogative sentences in English 21

2.1.1 Function of interrogative sentences in German 25

2.2 Functions of interrogative sentences in Russian 30

2.3 An interrogative statement in a microdialog in English 33

Conclusion 38

Bibliography 41

Заключение:

The analysis of interrogative sentences in German, English and Russian allowed us to establish the presence of interrogative sentences with an interrogative word (special) and without an interrogative word (general, alternative, separative), which corresponds to the classification of such sentences in all these languages.

Dichotomous questions are narrow questions with predefined answers from which respondents can choose. In some cases, narrow questions can be answered with a simple one-syllable answer (yes/no or true/false). The usual answers to dichotomous questions are short and concise, provide convenience for conducting a survey and allow you to quickly and effortlessly analyze both one and the other answer.

The means of verbalizing the answer to dichotomous questions in German are, in addition to JA and NEIN, there may be such lexical units as doch, jawohl, selbstverstandlich, keineswegs, schwerlich, möglich, wahrscheinlich, gewiss, sicher, leider, vielleicht, glücklicherweise.

In Russian, the answers to dichotomous questions can be: наверно, естественно, вероятно, может быть, должно быть, безусловно, видимо да, разве, неужели, ужели.

In English the lexical means of answering dichotomous questions include:

modal and introductory words: certainly, of course, no doubt, surely, apparently, indeed, evidently, naturally;

amplifying words: evidently, obviously, really, actually;

words expressing confidence: certainly, no doubt, surely, apparently,

the verbs of the semantic series of knowledge and doubt could, maybe, ought, should, would, dare and need.

The question can be answered or not if the question (temporarily) has no answer, is meaningless, or if the answer is a counter question. If the answer is received, it means that it is available, another thing is that it can be verified or be ambiguous (a philosophical question). Questions, the correctness of the answer to which it is possible to establish, are divided into those contained in the question itself (self-answering) and outside. The latter, inturn, may be known (fully suggestive or contain an element of doubt) or unknown to the questioner, and therefore imply request for confirmation (certifying) or receipt of new information (completing).

There can be many answers to the latter (open, special questions) and a limited number. The latter can be divided into closed (general – requiring a specific yes/ no answer or allowing the option «I don’t know», as well as identical to it) and alternative.

Writers use the dichotomous questions in their works to express emotion and imagery, to express the inner state of the characters. To get a clear answer to a dichotomous question, the speaker must clearly define the limits of the effectiveness of the proposed concept.

The dichotomous question makes it possible, quite clearly, to identify the extreme positions of the speaker in relation to the phenomenon under consideration, that is, to find out how clearly and clearly the answer to the essence of the question is given. By offering the interlocutor a dichotomous question, we thereby note the dependence of this question on a number of parameters in the analysis.

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter I. Interrogative statement in English, Russian and German

1.1 The definition of the interrogative sentence

The communicative function of interrogative sentences is to request information. They belong to the sphere of colloquial speech and are only occasionally used in monologue speech.

There are two types of structural varieties of interrogative sentences: general questions (which receive the answer «yes» or «no») and pronominal or special questions (which are also called special or «wh- questions»). The two main types have a number of structural and communicative modifications.

General interrogative sentences are intended to clarify the existence of any event or phenomenon that is being asked about, and, accordingly, the answer can be positive or negative, thus containing or implying «yes» or «no».

A general question begins with a verb, that is, an auxiliary, modal, or connecting verb, followed by a subject. The «yes» or «no» questions may be incomplete and come down to only two words: Can you? Does he? A negative «yes» or «no» question usually adds some emotional coloring of surprise or disappointment.

General questions starting with will can be considered as expressions of motivation and requests in accordance with their communicative task. Due to their random emotional coloring, «yes» or «no» questions can function as exclamations.

An alternative question involves choosing between two or more alternative answers. Like interrogative sentences with «yes» or «no», it begins with a verb. The union or connects either two homogeneous parts of a sentence, or two coordinating sentences.

Will you go to the opera or to the concert tonight?

Leading questions, also called declarative questions, form a kind of «yes» or «no» type of questions. They preserve the word order in statements, but serve as questions due to the rising tone in oral speech and the question mark in writing, as in: You didn’t know that before, did you? — No, I didn’t.