Курсовая с практикой на тему Устойчивые словосочетания в речи.

Содержание:

Introduction. 2

Chapter 1. The structure of the vocabulary of modern English. 4

1.1. Free phrases vs. stable phrases 4

1.2. Characteristics of actually stable phrases 8

1.3. Characteristics of phraseological units 15

Chapter 2. Features of phraseological units 18

2.1. Classification of phraseological units by grammatical
structure. 18

2.2. Classification of phraseological units by the type of
soldering of components 21

2.3. Features of the translation of phraseological units of
various etymological groups 24

Conclusion. 34

References. 35

Введение:

Each
language has a certain number of phrases that endow it with such qualities as
accuracy, brightness and imagery in the expression of ideas. Such phrases, the
meanings of which are inextricably linked with figurative use, we call idioms.

The
relevance of this work lies in the fact that the way in which the idiom is
translated in the work of non-professional translators is often strange,
illogical or even grammatically incorrect. To fully understand the beauty of
the language, you need to master its idioms and, of course, realize why these
combinations cannot be translated word for word.

The
English language is very rich in idiomatic expressions. The general trend in
modern English is more idiomatic use. Idioms are not a separate part of the
language that can be isolated, used, or omitted; they form an essential part of
the general vocabulary of the English language. Idioms are not just colloquial
expressions; they are presented in both formal and informal style. It is not
easy to explain why this or that idiom has an unusual set of words. The idiom
is fixed in speech by long use. There are many different sources of idioms.
Most of them arose from common sayings, proverbs, dialectal and slang phrases,
that is, from everything that makes up the living language of the country and
is strictly intertwined with its national background.

The
object of this work is stable phrases in English speech. The subject is the
problems of adequate translation of this phenomenon when working with
English-language texts.

The
purpose of this work is to study the concepts of various scientists —
lexicologists and phraseologists regarding the problem of stable phrases, as
well as to investigate the peculiarities of actually stable phrases and
phraseological units. According to the goal, the following work tasks can be
set:

1.
Comparison of stable and free phrases in English;

2.
Describe the types of stable phrases;

3.
To characterize phraseological units as one of the types of stable phrases;

4.
Classify phraseological units according to their grammatical structure;

5.
To classify phraseological units according to the type of soldering of
components;

6.
Determine the features of translation of phraseological units of various
etymological groups.

In
this work, such research methods were used as analysis of scientific literature
on the topic, comparison of various groups of stable phrases, phraseological
units, and analysis of these lexical groups. The material of the research
consists of proverbs and sayings, as well as idioms and phraseological units of
the English language.

The
theoretical basis of the work is based on the works of such scientists as L.S.
Barkhudarov, V.S. Vinogradov, I.R. Galperin and others. Its theoretical
significance lies in the ability to better analyze the culture of
English-speaking countries through the prism of using idiomatic expressions,
which will help to better understand a foreign culture, its context and lead to
better translator work.

The
practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using this
work in the context of training courses in translation studies, translation
theory, and stylistics.

This
work consists of an introduction, two chapters — theoretical and practical, a
conclusion, and references.

Заключение:

The
relevance of the topic has been proven, namely: the specificity of the
translation of phraseological units from English into Ukrainian has certain
problems that the translator faces. It is also relevant that new solutions to
these problems are found every day in translation.

The
aim of the study was achieved: problems were found regarding the translation of
phraseological units from English into Russian and to find the correct solution
to the identified problems.

The
task of the course work is completed:

—
provided the concept of English phraseological units,

—
showed the classification of English phraseological units,

—
investigated ways of translating English phraseological units,

—
discovered the difficulty of translating phraseological units from English into
Russian.

After
conducting the research, we came to the conclusion that the main task of the
translator is to convey the communicated information to the reader in a very
clear and precise way. To achieve the correct translation of stable word
combinations, the translator must know the structural and semantic features of
such word combinations.

Phraseological
units, in contrast to free phrases, are characterized by the constancy of their
composition. One or another component of a phraseological unit cannot be
replaced by a word close in meaning, while free phrases can easily be replaced.
It must be borne in mind that each language has its own internal laws of word
combination, as a result of which the constituent elements of phraseological
combinations are not always similar in English and Russian.

The
meaning of a phraseological combination, in general, can be deduced from the
meanings of its constituent words, which are found in the dictionary in the
usual manner.

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter
1. The structure of the vocabulary of modern English

1.1.
Free phrases vs. stable phrases

Each
utterance is a structured, rhythmic and segmented cue sequence. At the lexical
level, these utterance-forming signals are not exclusively words.

Along
with single words, speakers use larger blocks of more than one word. Words
combined to express ideas and thoughts make up word groups.

The
degree of structural and semantic coherence of words within a group of words
can be different. Some word groups are functionally and semantically
inseparable, such as rough diamond, cooked goose, to stew in one’s own juice.
Such phrases are traditionally described as stable phrases or phraseological
units. The characteristic features of stable phrases are idiomaticity and
stability of the context.

Their
components cannot be freely placed in speech; they are reproduced in the form
of ready-made units. The constituent elements in other groups of words have
greater semantic and structural independence, for example, to cause
misunderstanding, to shine brightly, linguistic phenomenon, red rose. Word
groups of this type are defined as free word groups for free word combinations.
They are freely used by the speakers according to the communication needs.

Fixed
expressions are opposed to free phrases and semi-fixed combinations. All these
different stages of restrictions imposed on word coincidence, on lexical
content of structural patterns specific to each language. The limitation can be
independent of the connections existing in extralinguistic reality between the
object being spoken of and be due to purely linguistic factors or have
extralinguistic reasons in the history of the people. In a free word
combination, linguistic factors are mainly associated with the grammatical
properties of words.

Free
word groups are syntactically related groups of conditional words in a
sentence, which separately from it are not a sentence. This definition is
recognized more or less everywhere in our country and abroad. Although in other
sources the term "group of words" is defined differently — as any
group of words, connected semantically and grammatically, which in itself does
not constitute a sentence. From this point of view, the verbal components of a
group of words can belong to any part of speech, therefore such groups as the
morning, the window, and Bill are also considered to be word groups (although
they include only one conditional word and one word group) [1].

Structurally,
phrases can be approached in different ways. All groups of words can be
analyzed by the criterion of distribution into two large classes. Distribution
is understood as a whole complex of contexts in which a given lexical unit can
be used. If a group of words has the same linguistic distribution as one of its
members, it is described as endocentric, i.e. having one central term,
functionally equivalent to the entire group of words. Word groups such as red
flower, bravery of all kinds are distributed identically to their central
components flower and bravery: I saw a red flower — I saw a flower. I
appreciate bravery of all kinds — I appreciate bravery.

If
the distribution of a vocabulary group differs from any of its members, it is
considered exocentric, that is, it does not have such a central member, for
example, side by side or grow smaller, as well as other words in which compound
words cannot be syntactically replaced by whole word groups.

In
endocentric word groups, the central component, which has the same distribution
as the entire group, is clearly the dominant member or the head to which all
other members of the group are subordinate. In red flower, the dominant member
is the noun flower, and in kind of people, the dominant member is the adjective
kind.