Курсовая с практикой на тему Употребление личных и указательных местоимений в английской газете The Time

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION.. 3

CHAPTER 1. ROLE OF PRONOUNS IN
ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE AND MEDIA TEXTS  5

1.1 English Pronouns: Features and Classification. 5

1.1.1 History of Developing the Parts of Speech System.. 5

1.1.2 Features and Classification of English Pronouns. 8

1.2 Grammatical Features of Personal Pronouns and
Demonstrative Pronouns. 10

1.2.1 Features of Personal Pronouns. 10

1.2.2 Features of Demonstrative Pronouns. 12

1.3 Mediatext: Key Features. 13

1.4 Summary of Results. 15

CHAPTER 2. FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PERSONAL AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN “THE TIMES” NEWSPAPER.. 16

2.1 Analysis of Features and Functions of Personal Pronouns. 16

2.2 Analysis of Features and Functions of Demonstrative
Pronouns. 26

2.3 Summary of Results. 28

CONCLUSION.. 30

REFERENCES. 32

APPENDIX.. 35

Введение:

Each language has its own
grammatical features. They are expressed in morphology and syntax. Features of
the grammatical structure of the language are also expressed in the system of
parts of speech and their structural and functional features. Pronouns also
play an important role in the language system. They are an independent part of
speech that indicates objects and their features, and in a sentence they can
perform various syntactic functions. The language of the media is distinguished by its
expressiveness and clichédness at the same time. It allows you to transmit the
most relevant information about what is happening, while correlating with the
usage and grammatical norms of the language. At the same time, pronouns also
play an important role in media texts, since they perform significant functions
in the grammatical system of the language. The relevance of the topic of this study lies in
the fact that it considers the features of the functioning of pronouns in
newspaper articles. The importance of the study lies in the fact that it raises
the problems of media linguistics — a modern branch of linguistic knowledge
that studies the linguistic features of the language of the media.
Medialinguistics studies both grammatical and stylistic features of newspaper
texts, which emphasizes the complexity of this approach. The object of this study is English pronouns. The subject of this study is personal and
demonstrative pronouns in modern English-language newspaper texts. The objective of the study is to identify the
features of the use and functioning of personal and demonstrative pronouns in
the English newspaper "the Times". The set objective implies the following tasks:

1. Consider
the features and classification of English pronouns;

2. Describe
the functional and structural features of personal pronouns in English;

3. Describe
the functional and structural features of demonstrative pronouns in English;

4. Analyze
the semantic and functional features of the personal and demonstrative pronouns
of the English language in the articles of the newspaper "the Times". The source of the study is articles in the
newspaper "the Times" for 2022. The research methodology involves the use of the
following methods:

1. Analysis
of research literature on the topic of this course paper;

2. Continuous
sampling method, classification method in the formation of a corpus of examples
for further analysis;

3. Descriptive
method in characterizing the features of the functioning of personal and
demonstrative pronouns in the source texts. The theoretical basis of the study includes the
works of the following scientists: Yu.S. Baranova, N.I. Gaikalova, V.V.
Gurevich, T.G., Dobrosklonskaya, V.Yu. Koprov, Yu.A. Levitsky, A.A.
Reformatsky, I.M. Sovetov, L.V. Fadeeva, Z.F. Yusupova, P. Collins, D. Crystal,
H. Sweet and others. The theoretical significance of the study is
confirmed by the fact that it studies the features of the use of pronouns in
modern media texts. Therefore, it makes a contribution to modern media
linguistics in English, which also indicates the relevance of this course work. The practical significance of the study lies in
the fact that the results obtained can be used in the study of English grammar,
when considering the principles of the use and functioning of personal and
demonstrative pronouns. In addition, the results of the study can be applied in
the context of modern media linguistics, in particular, its grammatical aspect. The structure of the research is determined by the
goal and objectives. The text of the course work consists of introduction, two
chapters, conclusion, the list of references and appendix. The first chapter considers the theoretical aspects of
the research while the second one is devoted to the practical analysis of the
key problem of the course paper.

Заключение:

To sum up, it is necessary to
emphasize that the huge amount of research made indicates the systemic nature
of the language. It is this characteristic of the language that is the basis of
modern linguistic research, since its systemic nature has been proven by many
different studies. Pronouns play an important role in the grammatical system
of the English language. The fact that their structural-functional analysis
makes it possible to distinguish many subcategories of pronouns indicates the
multiplicity of their functions in the language and in the syntactic structure
of sentences. Therefore, the further study of the features of the functioning
of pronouns is a key research task in the study of English grammar. Personal pronouns act as subject and object to describe
the person doing the action, as well as the person being acted upon in a
particular context. Third person pronouns have their own characteristics in the
form of both singular and plural. Demonstrative pronouns also play an important role in the
grammatical system of the English language. They perform the syntactic function
of an adjective, they indicate the position of objects in space and time, and
also contribute to the achievement of certain stylistic goals in a sentence. Any media text functions in the media environment, which
allows solving certain tasks in the context of journalism and event coverage,
analytics, advertising, etc. Any media text is a reflection of both the
language with all its features, and the culture, political situation of the
country in which it operates. Therefore, one cannot ignore the linguistic and
cultural influence of language on the formation of media discourse in general
and media text in particular. During the analysis, it was found
that the first person pronouns can be used in the nominative and object cases.
Semantic analysis shows that the pronoun I allows to most clearly convey
the speaker’s point of view, to indicate his position directly. The pronoun We
allows to more clearly convey the meaning of the integrity and community of a
certain community, moreover, the speaker classifies himself as a member of the
same community. Furthermore, second person pronouns were also identified. They
are used in the reviewed articles to "create a dialogue" between the
author of the text and the audience. The analysis of the features of the
use of third person pronouns showed that they are used both as subjects and as
objects. Semantically, they are most often used in a sentence to replace an
already used word or phrase, thereby ensuring that there is no lexical
redundancy. The pronoun It deserves special attention; it can function
in the syntactic structure of a sentence as a subject without conveying any
semantics. The features of the use of
demonstrative pronouns in English newspaper texts were considered as well.
Semantic analysis showed that the demonstrative pronouns this / that
point to the near and distant future, respectively. The pronoun this is
also used to clarify information, to highlight the described phenomenon among
many. In addition, demonstrative pronouns are also used for semantic
replacement of words and phrases, thereby ensuring the absence of tautology and
lexical redundancy. The semantic features of demonstrative pronouns in this
case are revealed on the basis of contextual analysis. Syntactic analysis showed that
demonstrative pronouns can perform the functions of determiner, subject and
object, depending on the semantics of pronouns and the structure of a
particular sentence. All in all, the role of pronouns in
English cannot be overestimated. They perform various functions in a sentence,
depending on the particular sentence structure. They vary significantly by
semantics and meaning, thus proving the universal nature of these lexical
structures in English media texts.

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER 1. ROLE OF PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE AND MEDIA
TEXTS 1.1 English Pronouns: Features and Classification 1.1.1 History
of Developing the Parts of Speech System The issue of the theory of parts of speech is given great
attention in linguistics. For a very long time, people intuitively, on the
basis of a wide variety of criteria, established certain classes of words.
Aristotle singled out three parts of speech in the ancient Greek language: the
name, the verb and conjunctions, to which he attributed articles, pronouns, and
copulas. Later Alexandrian grammarians established eight parts of speech: noun,
verb, participle, article, pronoun, adverb, preposition, and conjunction. When
selecting parts of speech, they took into account their syntactic role,
morphological properties, in particular, inflection, as well as semantics. The classification of parts of speech in ancient
linguistics, although compiled in close connection with logic, was still
partially grammatical, since some parts of speech were established by the
presence of certain grammatical forms and meanings (for example, verbs are
words that change in numbers, tenses, persons and denoting action). The grammar
of the ancient world, the Middle Ages, and even the Renaissance dealt mainly
with Greek and Latin; when developing the grammars of new Western European
languages, scientists proceeded from the norms of the Latin language. Until the end of the 18th — the middle of the 19th
centuries, the view of parts of speech as logical and grammatical categories
dominated. In the 19th century, in connection with the intensive development of
linguistics, in particular morphology, the question arises of the principles
for distinguishing parts of speech. Based on the narrow morphological or
syntactic features of words, which are always somehow connected with their
proper lexical meaning, parts of speech began to be designated as lexical-grammatical
classes of words [20]. Some linguists define parts of speech as a lexical
category, a lexical classification of words, as an invariant of the
subject-logical plan. Others believe that parts of speech are logical
categories of words and therefore morphological features are of decisive
importance in the selection of parts of speech. However, this criterion is
unsuitable for languages with a poorly developed morphological system [5;
28]. A.A. Reformatsky defined parts of speech as grammatical
categories (rather than lexical or lexico-grammatical), the composition of
which in each language is individual and determined by a combination of
morphological and syntactic properties [22].
Some linguists, on the contrary, believe that the meanings of parts of speech
are their main feature, and their lexico-semantic features, which generalize
categorical meanings, are considered the basis for distinguishing parts of
speech (A.A. Shakhmatov [30],
LV. Scherba [31]).
In addition, parts of speech are considered as lexical and grammatical
categories of words that differ from each other not only by a number of
grammatical features:

1. Morphological
ones — changeability and immutability, the way of transformation, paradigmatics;

2. Syntactical
ones — in the ways of connection with other words, syntactic function);

3. Lexical
ones [30]. Furthermore, it is possible to approach the problem of
parts of speech based on the concept of functional-semantic categories of
words. Words that function as nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, numerals,
adverbs, etc., are found in all languages of the world. The presence of
categorical meaning and certain functions fully ensures the existence of
functional-semantic categories in the language. H. Sweet, the author of the first scientific grammar, put
forward three basic principles for the classification of words: the meaning,
form and function of the word. He divided the parts of speech into two main
groups:

1. Changeable
(nouns, adjectives and verbs);

2. Non-changeable
(adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections), raising the
morphological form to the rank of the leading classification criterion [36]. Representatives of foreign linguistics in the middle of
the XX century, structuralists of the descriptive linguistics put forward a
fundamentally new approach to the problem of classifying parts of speech. They
opposed taking into account the role of meaning in linguistic analysis.
Structuralists believed that classification should be based only on the
position of a word in a sentence. A typical classification of this type can be considered
the classification of the American structuralist C. Freeze, given in the book The
Structure of the English Language. He draws attention to the fact that even
in a senseless sentence, it is possible to establish the belonging of a word to
certain grammatical categories — parts of speech. This can be established by
the position that the words occupy in the sentence, and by their form in
contrast to other positions and forms. Ch. Freeze divided words into positional
classes. In total, he singled out four positional classes, as well as 15 groups
of function words [34]. At the same time, Ch. Freeze consistently applies
the method of substitution and obtains interesting data on the distribution of
words and their syntactic valence (compatibility). G. Gleason proposes a classification based on two formal
features — morphological form and word order. He divides the entire vocabulary
of the language into two large groups:

1. a
group that has formal signs of inflection,

2. a
group that does not have such signs. The first group naturally includes
nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. The second group includes classes that
differ in positional characteristics, but it also includes the words of
paradigmatic groups excluded from them. Classes that occur in the same
positions form "constitutive" classes. However, G. Gleason does not
give their precise definition or enumeration [34]. The classification of J. Sledd is very close to the
principles of G. Gleason. He also distinguishes between
"inflectional" and "positional" classes: nominals, verbals,
adjectivals, adverbials; they are joined by eight small classes of words:
auxiliary verbs, determiners, prepositions, conjunctions, various categories of
pronouns [34]. A positive point in the classifications of G.
Gleason and J. Sledd is that they note the importance of taking into account
word-building affixes as indicators of a particular part of speech. Russian linguists, unlike foreign ones, consider the
triune principle of classifying parts of speech to be the leading one, although
they admit the possibility of using two features: semantic and syntactic ones,
since English is analytical and in some cases there may be no sign of form [18]. In Russian English studies, researchers usually
distinguish 13 parts of speech: 9 independent and 4 auxiliary parts. They
include independent ones: a noun, an adjective, a verb, a pronoun, a
numeral, an adverb, an interjection, words of the state category, modal words.
Service include: a preposition, a union, a particle, an article. Russian
scientists distinguish the so-called non-traditionally allocated parts of
speech: words of the category of state, modal words and particles [15]. According to grammatical meaning, linguists divide parts
of speech into three groups:

1. Parts
of speech naming objects, signs, phenomena, movement (nouns, adjectives, verbs,
adverbs, words of the state category).

2. Parts
of speech indicating objects, their quality, quantity (pronouns, numerals).

3. Parts
of speech expressing the speaker’s attitude to the content of the statement
(interjections, modal words) [8].
This classification seems to be the most successful and is widely used in
Russian linguistics. In fact, the fact that for many centuries researchers
have tried to develop a comprehensive and holistic approach to describing the
grammatical structure of a language through the prism of highlighting parts of
speech allows to speak about the systemic nature of the language. It is this
characteristic of the language that is the basis of modern linguistic research,
since its systemic nature has been proven by many different studies.