Курсовая с практикой на тему The rhythm of spoken English

Содержание:

Introduction. 3

Chapter I. Spoken English and its
key features. 5

1.1. The peculiarities of spoken English. 5

1.2. The key features of spoken English. 7

1.3. The rhythm of spoken English. 10

Chapter II. Spoken discourse in English newspapers. 14

2.1. Fundamental principles of
writing for the media. 14

2.2. Stylistic features of a media
text 16

2.3. The article analysis. 26

Conclusion. 29

Works Cited. 31

Введение:

The language of culture, literature, mass media is a literary language.
It is the basis of any language, as it most optimally expresses thoughts and
ideas. Along with the literary language, there is also a spoken version of it.
In contrast to the more formal literary language, spoken English is the informal
version used in various everyday situations. The use of spoken English depends
on the context of communication and the goals of the communicative act.

If a person does not know the specifics of spoken English, he/she will
not be able to completely understand English films, songs, and native speakers
in particular. The spoken language differs significantly from the language of
novels, English textbooks, etc. In a conversation, the topic is developed by at
least two interlocutors. When finishing a topic or changing it, a speaker can
use a long pause, but not necessarily. Usually, people find a way to initiate
the beginning of a new topic sentence, indicating this with an increase in speech
content and a higher voice tone. Thus, even in spontaneous speech, there are
prosodic markers for separating one part of the conversation from another. The
difference between monologue and dialogue (or polylogue) is that in the latter,
each participant speaks for a limited time. The temporal balance of the cues, that
is, the periods of speaking of each participant, depends on social factors,
including the situation, status, abilities, and pragmatic purpose of each
individual.

The relevance of the paper lies in the growing need for learning a
foreign language, which in itself becomes a priority on the way to effective
and inclusive learning. The international importance of foreign language
learning is a major catalyst for solving the problems faced by teachers. Thus,
learning how to speak effectively is the key ingredient of fluency.
Comprehending the rhythm of spoken English can drastically improve
communication skills and the interaction between individuals.

The goal of the paper is to identify the key features of the rhythm of
spoken English.

Заключение:

Many English learners put too much emphasis on
vocabulary and grammar while forgetting rhythm – an equally important part of
the language that can quickly improve verbal and written communication skills. In
the process of communication, as well as in the process of teaching a foreign
language, considerable attention is paid to the grammatical and lexical
component of the language. An important component is the ability to formulate
the statement rhythmically in accordance with the phonetic rules of the target
language. The effectiveness of communication is achieved with the help of
intonation, pause, stress placement.

Rhythm is the order in which sounds, words and
notes are used in music, poetry and dances. The rhythm of the English language
depends on many factors, such as the stress and intonation. Under the word “stress”,
in turn, is meant a clearer emphasis in the voice of a syllable or a whole word
in comparison with other parts of a word or sentence. Such a syllable or word
is called “stressed,” and it turns out to be more noticeable.

Moreover, English spontaneous speech is
described by linguists as monotonous, since the pronunciation of rhythmic
groups is uniform, non-striking groups are reduced, pronounced together. The
melody of English speech is smooth, since unstressed syllables adjoin the
stressed one melodiously. The rules for stress in the spontaneous speech of
native English speakers are fixed. In addition, the importance of the semantic
groups of the utterance can influence the rhythm of the utterance.

In order to research some certain rhythmic
patterns of spoken English we analyzed the article by Yolanda Medina. We
noticed that the article contains specific stress patters and intonation, which
bring the sense of movement. We can conclude that using compelling words and
generalizations that everyone can relate to helps the article become noticeable
and motivational. We also observed in the article the following features: consistency
of the story, a clear presentation of facts and events, the development of the
thesis statement, persuasive intonation, and the perfect rhythm. The author
also expresses her personal opinion and establishes the credibility, using
personal pronouns and providing the relevant evidence, respectively. Moreover,
the article is well-structured which makes it easier to read and analyze. The
readers can feel the purpose of the article and comprehend its meaning easily
and thoroughly. Thus, it is drastically important to learn the rhythm of spoken
English in order to make a speech/text clear and effective.

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter
I. Spoken English and its key features

1.1. The
peculiarities of spoken English

A distinctive feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness,
spontaneity and the obligatory presence of an interlocutor, whether it is
direct communication or talking on the phone. As a matter of fact, spoken
English is full of jargon and slang. Despite the arbitrariness of speech and
the seeming lack of rules, there are still certain norms in spoken English. For
example, there is a frequent omission of the subject in colloquial speech:

– Are you busy? Yes, reading the book.

Interrogative
sentences are built on the type of affirmative:

– Are you Tim’s friend?

The
omission of the auxiliary verb in interrogative sentences also takes place:

– Your mother look after this garden?

As a matter of fact, spoken English language is replete with
abbreviations. There are not only abbreviations of the forms, such as “he’s” and
“won’t,” but also abbreviations of various words: phone from telephone, cause
from because, exam from examination. Not to mention, Americans abbreviate whole
grammatical constructions. Instead of “I’m going to” – “I’m gonna, get you” – “getcha.”
The spoken English code is always accompanied by facial expressions and
gestures, which is actually due to the speech styles (formal, casual, etc.). As
a result, spoken language is always more emotionally charged. Emotionality of
speech is resulted from the use of amplifying turns. For example, the adverb
that has more emotional expressiveness and displaces the more neutral “so” (mainly
in negative sentences):

– It is not that simple. – It is not so easy.

– He is not that poor. – He’s not so poor.

Frequent
use of double negation can also be observed, which is considered to be a
mistake when it comes to literary language.

– I can’t get no benefit. – I can’t get any benefit. Thus, it is advisable to master spoken English only after studying the
literary language. Knowledge of the basics of English spoken in some life
situations may be necessary. Intonation is one of the aspects of verbal
communication skills, that is responsible for the melody, rhythm, intensity,
timbre of pronunciation. Intonation is responsible for the “musical” sound of
the language. Intonation helps to form the speech, makes it expressive, conveys
important and subtle shades of meaning, and gives naturalness to sentences [6].
This is no less important aspect of the language than grammar or vocabulary.

Moreover, each language has its own intonation characteristics. We are
well aware of grammatical, lexical, phonetic differences in other languages, but
we often forget about intonation. It is difficult to imagine that speakers of
other languages ​​ask questions without the characteristic of the Russian
language ascending intonation, constantly change the melody of speech in one
phrase or even in one sound, or pause in unexpected places in a sentence. But
it is precisely these differences that characterize language most clearly.

If an individual listens to English speech without being distracted by
the meaning, he/she can catch a unique intonation that is unlike Russian.
Englishmen and Americans sound more emotional, louder, livelier, more
expressive during a conversation. Compared to them, Russian speech is more
monotonous. To native Russian speakers, English sometimes even seems to be unnatural
and feigned. But remember that the Russian intonation seems unnatural to native
speakers of English — in their opinion, lifeless, dispassionate and even
sometimes rude.

In English speech, one can notice intonations
and combinations of tones that are uncommon for the Russian language. Also,
English intonation is characterized by constant changes in the melody: the
voice either rises or falls within short intervals of speech [6]. There is a
distinct but unusual rhythm in English speech. For English learners, all of these
features are difficult to analyze and replicate. To learn English intonation, a
person needs to understand a little theory and then practice a lot and