Курсовая с практикой на тему The category of certainty and uncertainty and ways of expressing it in modern English (based on political texts)

Содержание:

Introduction. 2

Chapter 1. The category of certainty-uncertainty in the
English language. 3

1.1 The concept of categories of certainty and uncertainty. 3

1.2 The main modern theories of research on the categories
of certainty and uncertainty in the English language. 9

1.3 Categories of certainty and uncertainty in connection
with the current division of the proposal. Means of highlighting new
information in English. 12

Chapter 2. Expression of the category of certainty and
uncertainty in English political texts. 17

2.1 Means of expressing the category of certainty and
uncertainty at the lexico-morphological level 17

2.1 Means of expressing the category of certainty and
uncertainty at the syntactic level 23

Conclusion. 28

References. 29

Введение:

In modern linguistic literature,
there are many works devoted to the study of the category of
certainty/uncertainty and its ways of expressing it on the material of
articular languages. Some scholars question the existence of this category in
languages ​​where there is no grammatically expressed category of articles.

The relevance and novelty of the
work are due to the need to study noun phrases from the point of view of
referential semantics and analysis of this category in analytical English.

The object of the research is the
noun phrases in English, the referential indicators used with them, and their
semantics. The subject of the research is the meanings, functions, and ways of
expressing the category of certainty/uncertainty in English, the referential
language of certainty and uncertainty.

The main purpose of the research
is to study the category of certainty/uncertainty in the English language, as
well as the ways of its expression in modern English (based on political
texts).

Achieving this goal is feasible
when solving the following tasks:

1. To study the transfer of the
category of certainty/uncertainty in English;

2. Describe modern research
theories of the category of certainty/uncertainty in English;

3. Explore the ways of expressing
certainty/uncertainty in the English language at the lexical-morphological and
syntactic levels.

The work used such methods as
analysis of literature on the topic, comparison of language models of
certainty/uncertainty in the English language, correlation, formalization, and
other linguistic search methods.

The work consists of an
introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and a bibliography.

Заключение:

Currently, the category of
certainty-uncertainty is the most important communicative category. In
different languages, it is expressed in different ways. So, in the course of
the research work, the theoretical aspect of the category of
certainty-uncertainty was studied, the main theories on which it is based were
considered, its meaning and functions were determined, and the means of
expressing this category in English were identified. In addition, the concept of
a political text was considered and it was revealed that, as in any text, it is
possible to single out means of expressing certainty-uncertainty in it.

Following the tasks of our work,
we examined the main developments of linguists on the problem of expressing the
category of certainty / uncertainty in English. Thus, we have established that
the category of certainty / uncertainty has a number of features:

1. The presence of morphological
design in English.

2. The ability of the English
article to perform various functions and the presence in its semantic structure
of a whole set of meaning components, any of which may dominate in a particular
case of the use of the article.

3. The ability to express
categorical meaning not only through the article, but also through other
morphological and lexical units.

4. Connection of the investigated
problem with the issues of the actual division of the proposal.

Taking into account all of the
above, we can conclude that this category is inherent in the English language.
In addition, this category helps to convey the author’s thought to the reader
more accurately.

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter 1. The category of
certainty-uncertainty in the English language

1.1 The concept of categories of
certainty and uncertainty

According to information theory,
the category "certainty/uncertainty" is associated with the choice of
an element or a subset from a set. According to A.D. Ursul, the degree of
“uncertainty of a set, which consists of only one element, is equal to zero,
for the reason that there is nothing to choose from in this situation. The
choice is possible only from a set consisting of several elements, at least
two. It will not be difficult to notice that with an increase in the number of
elements in a set, the probability of their choice will decrease, and the
degree of “uncertainty” will increase. Also, where chance prevails, there is
necessary “uncertainty”, because the phenomena in such a situation do not come
with certainty, but with one degree or another of probability” [Бархударов, p.
53-72]. So, here the term "uncertainty" is considered as
"certainty" in the process of its formation; removing
"uncertainty" acts as a course of obtaining information. The above
review highlights various aspects of studying the concept of categories of
"certainty/uncertainty", which, in turn, appear in the focus of
attention of scientific disciplines in the form of concepts, properties of
logical thinking, as well as the process of information retrieval.

The language, which in its
essence is designed to reflect the multifaceted essence of the described
category, besides, gives them its definitions. Explanatory dictionaries of the
Russian language interpret the concept of "definite" as
"precisely and firmly established, designated; clear, distinct, distinct,
true; firmly established, undoubted; explicit, unconditional” [Арсеньева].

The category of “uncertainty” is
interpreted as follows: “not exactly established, not known for certain;
unexplored, uncounted, unmeasured, not characterized by all its
characteristics; not quite distinct; imprecise, unclear; dark, susceptible to
doubt” [Арсеньева]. Thus, we see that in the language "uncertainty"
is described by negating the sign of certainty [Бондарко].

From the aforementioned means of
both Russian and English, it becomes clear that the category of
"uncertainty" can be expressed through the negation of the meaning of
"certainty", which, however, does not mean its derivative, dependent
character concerning "certainty". As A.D. Ursul, “in objective
reality, in the general case, the terms “certainty” and “uncertainty” are
interdependent, since none of them “rises above the other” [Бархударов, p.
53-72]. Many works of literature, researchers of literary styles, note the
independent nature of the concept of the category of "uncertainty".
In their opinion, unclear and imprecise from the point of view of semantics is
the kind of content that has not found a clear verbalized embodiment, however,
nevertheless, it retained saturation with certain semantic meanings [Ахапкина,
p. 21].

Linguistic analysis of the
categories of "certainty/uncertainty" provides an opportunity to
answer the question of what linguistic forms they can take in the process of
perceiving the text by the recipient. This question is very important since the
answer to it allows you to trace the train of thought to its material
embodiment.

In the process of analyzing the
linguistic means of applying the category of "certainty/uncertainty",
the range of these means is often limited only to the description of the
functioning of two types of articles (definite and indefinite). This phenomenon
is quite understandable since it is the articles that have the meanings of
"certainty/uncertainty" in a more or less "pure", abstract
form, therefore, they play the role of the most universal means of expressing
meanings, which constitute the studied category.

Articles that are
service words are noun determinants that are characterized by a very abstract
and abstract meaning. It should be noted that it cannot be considered in
isolation from the meaning of the noun with which the article is used. At the
same time, the indefinite article indicates that “the noun used with it is used
in the generally named sense, in other words, it names the object directly,
without