Курсовая с практикой на тему Sources of replenishment of the vocabulary of the English language at the present stage

Содержание:

Introduction. 3

Chapter 1. Theoretical Aspects of the Study of English
Vocabulary Expansion. 5

1.1 Concept, Types and Characteristics of Neologisms and
Borrowed Words. 5

1.2 Sources of Vocabulary Acquisition in English. 13

Conclusions to Chapter 1. 18

Chapter 2. A Practical Study of the Sources of
English-Language Vocabulary Replenishment 19

2.1 Methods of word formation of lexical neologisms. 19

2.2 The nature of some modern English culinary discourse
words as means of vocabulary enrichment 24

Conclusions to Chapter 2. 30

Conclusion. 32

References. 34

Введение:

Language is a special organism,
which is in a constant process of formation and formation. One of the
significant ways of language development is the replenishment of its vocabulary
with new lexical units.

Relevance of work consists of the fact that
the feature of English vocabulary is shown that it contains up to 70 % borrowed
lexicon and only about 30 % — original. On the average, about 800 new words
appear in it during a year. It should be noted that today the vast majority of
words are perceived in the modern language as English, whatever their actual
origin. However, if we trace when and where these words came from, we will find
that not all of them are native English vocabulary.

The object of the work is the vocabulary
of the English language. The subject
is the sources of enrichment of the modern English culinary vocabulary.

The aim of the work is to consider the
most common sources of vocabulary replenishment of modern English culinary
discourse. According to the aim of the work, the following tasks were set:

1. To define the concept of
neologisms and borrowed words.

2. To describe the sources of
vocabulary replenishment of the modern English language.

3. To distinguish the main types
of these lexical units.

4. To trace the etymology of
English-speaking culinary discourse lexical units (on the material of "New
Food", "Cosmopolitan" and "Entertainment Weekly"
newspapers).

The research was based on the lexical units that appeared in the last decade and
fixed in electronic versions of the "New Food",
"Cosmopolitan" and "Entertainment Weekly" newspapers. We
selected 150 neologisms related to the thematic field of culinary discourse by
the continuous sampling method.

The next research methods were used: theoretical analysis and synthesis,
word-formation analysis, lexico-semantic analysis, linguocultural and
etymological analyses, method of component analysis, method of continuous
sampling.

The theoretical basis of the study was the works of the following
Russian and foreign scientists: V.I. Zabotkina, D. Crystal, A.G. Akopyan, D.D.
Cho, T. MacArthur.

The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the
database of illustrative examples of neologisms of the thematic field we have
collected can be used in the course of speech practice, as well as in the
compilation of educational, linguocountry study and ideographic dictionaries.

Structurally, this work consists of an
introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

Заключение:

Having carried out a study of
theoretical scientific sources on our chosen topic, it is possible to make the
following conclusions:

1. Occasionalisms are verbal
neologisms of individual authors, created in accordance with unusual models of
word formation. Their function is not nominal, as with neologisms, but characteristic.
They are always expressive, exist only in a certain context and are not
reproducible.

2. An occasionalism is a speech
expressive unit, which has the property of insensibility, abnormality and
functional disposability. The classification of occasionalisms usually
correlates with the classification of neologisms, although it may partially
differ from it.

3. The term
"neologisms" is usually applied to new words or new forms of words.
This observation may seem simple, but it raises several important questions —
to define the concept of "new word / word formation", to find methods
of checking the novelty of a word, and to determine whether novelty is an
absolute concept. In this paper, we take the view that a word is considered new
when it first appears in a chronologically stored aggregate database.

Thus, we can conclude that the
composition of the vocabulary of English, as of any language, changes over
time. The vocabulary of modern English is a complex combination of various
elements, which layered on each other throughout the history of the language
and entered into various relationships with each other. The leading process in
the development of vocabulary at all stages was word formation. However, no
language makes do only with its own lexical means. An important source of
replenishing the English vocabulary is also borrowing of foreign vocabulary as
a way of nominating new phenomena and replacing existing names.

Human language is a complex,
multidimensional phenomenon, organically integral in its structural
organization, multifunctional in its purpose and use in society. As a
multifunctional system, language naturally performs a number of specific,
inherent functions. The main function of language is that by means of sign
representation the thought processes are reflected, the content, historically
assigned to the signs common meanings, providing communication in all spheres
of human activity.

Every language, as it is known,
has three main characteristics: a special vocabulary, the grammatical structure
of language and a special sound system.

The vocabulary of any language
consists of the totality of all words and word combinations available in this
language, which constitute a complex lexical-semantic system. This system is
divided into several basic parts, or more precisely, parts of speech, namely:
noun, adjective, verb and adverb.

The vocabulary is not static, and
is constantly changing and being replenished with new words. It is well known
that the replenishment of the vocabulary of a language comes at the expense of
word formation and borrowing.

Word formation is the most
important means of enriching vocabulary. As we know, word-formation is a branch
of linguistics, which studies creation, functioning, as well as structure and
classification of derivative and compound words. Word formation provides the
process of nomination and its results. Word formation plays an important role
in human cognitive activity and acts as one of the most important means of
replenishing the vocabulary with new words and word combinations.

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter 1. Theoretical Aspects of
the Study of English Vocabulary Expansion

1.1 Concept, Types and
Characteristics of Neologisms and Borrowed Words

The vocabulary of the English
language is constantly being enriched with new words, which can either remain
unnoticed by the average native speaker or take root in the language for many
years. New words are formed from existing words on the basis of various methods
of word formation. New words are borrowed from other words. Old words do not
remain the same, acquiring new meanings, not peculiar to them before.

Creating neologisms is not
difficult or unusual for any language. The lexicographers of the New Oxford
American Dictionary have identified “lockdown” as the winner of the 2020 Word
of the Year contest. The word has become popular in the language because of the
pandemic coronavirus that has spread, and has been used in the press, in the
news, and in everyday speech. New words like lockdown are constantly entering
the language, but what does it mean for a word to be new?

The term "neologism" is
usually applied to new words or new forms of words. This observation may seem
simple, but it raises several important questions — defining the concept of
"new word / word formation," finding methods of verifying word
novelty, and determining whether novelty is an absolute concept, that is,
whether we can classify all words as new or not new.

More often than not, a neologism
is explained and defined as a "new word," which seems pretty clear
and simple. However, when it is necessary to determine which words can be
considered new and which are not, a problem arises. The problem lies in the
relativity of the concept of novelty, since it depends on which period is taken
into account, how long the word has had the status of new, etc. As a result, we
encounter some ambiguity at the very beginning of the study of neologisms.

However, there are a number of
definitions of neologism offered by various linguists, which gives us some
clarity in understanding the term "neologism" in the English lexicon.

The well-known Dictionary of
Linguistic Terms by O.S. Akhmanova gives a more detailed definition, which
distinguishes two kinds of neologisms. The first definition says: "A
neologism is a word or phrase created to define a new (previously unknown)
object or express a new concept", the second says that it is "a new
word or expression, which has not taken root in the national language and is
thus perceived as belonging to a particular, often low style of speech" [4].

Yartseva’s Linguistic
Encyclopedia offers a broader definition, stating that "neologisms are
words, word meanings or word combinations that appeared at a certain period in
the language or that were once used ("incidental" words) in a text or
speech act" [19].