Курсовая с практикой на тему Синтагматические и парадигматические отношения в языке (на примере английского языка)

Содержание:

Introduction 4
Chapter 1. Language as a system of relations 6
1.1 Syntagmatic relations in language 6
1.2 Paradigmatic relations in language 11
1.3 Differentiation between syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in language 14
Chapter overview 16
Chapter 2. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in English lexical system 17
2.1 Actualization of syntagmatic relations in English lexical system 17
2.2 Actualization of paradigmatic relations in English lexical system 26
Chapter overview 31
Conclusion 32
References 33
Appendix 36

Введение:

Language has its own internal order and system making it a well-established entity. Consequently, consistency and structure characterize the language and its unit as a whole from different points of view. The structure of a language is only one of the features of a language system. A unit of language, a category of a language, a layer of a language, linguistic relations — these concepts do not coincide, although they are all important for disclosing the concept of a language system.
Units of a language are its constant elements, differing from each other in purpose, place within the language system. According to their purpose, language units should be divided into nominative, communicative and combatant. The main nominative unit is the word (lexeme), the communicative unit is the sentence. Structural machines of the language are means of constructing both nominative and communicative units; building units are phonemes and morphemes, as well as forms of words and forms of phrases.
Language units are categorized and classified into language categories and tiers. Language categories shall be treated groups of homogeneous language units while the categories are combined based on a common, categorical attribute, usually the semantic one. Both units within a category and categories within a tier are related to each other on the basis of typical relations. Language relations are those relations found between tiers and categories, units and their parts. The main types of relations are paradigmatic and syntagmatic, associative and hyponymic (hierarchical).
Paradigmatic relations are those relations that unite language units into groups, categories, categories. Syntagmatic relations unite language units in their simultaneous sequence. On syntagmatic relations, words are built as a set of morphemes and syllables, phrases and analytical names, sentences (as a set of sentence members) and complex sentences.
Associative relations arise on the basis of the coincidence in time of representations, i.e. images of phenomena of reality. There are three types of associations: by contiguity, by similarity and by contrast. Hierarchical relations are relations between heterogeneous elements, their subordination to each other as general and private, generic and specific, higher and lower. Hierarchical relations are observed between units of different tiers of the language, between words and forms when they are combined into parts of speech, between syntactic units when they are combined into syntactic types. Associative, hierarchical and paradigmatic relations are opposed to syntagmatic ones, that the latter are linear.
The relevance of research can be explained due to the crucial and rising importance of scientific research of logical system within a language. Despite English is a well-examined language and there is a lot of research has already been made in the field of the language systematization, the research is still valuable as it provides new practical data regarding the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
The goal of the research is to examine the actualization of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in English language regarding its lexical system.
The tasks are connected with the goal of the research and are as follows:
1. Examine the peculiarities of syntagmatic relations within the English language system;
2. Find out the peculiarities of paradigmatic relations within the English language system;
3. Differentiate syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations within the English language;
4. Provide examples and perform the practical analysis of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations within English sentences.
The material of the research: Oxford Collocations Dictionary of English, Oxford Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. The practical part of the research is based on the extracts from the novel by A. Conan Doyle “The Hound of the Baskervilles”.
The previous research of the theme includes the works of: L.M. Vasilyev, L.Z. Sova, I.A. Sternin, E. McDonald, K. Nelson, M. Shalgren.
The methodology of the research: analysis of the examined text (the logic of making the sentences) based on the data provided by the dictionaries.
Theoretical importance of the research implies the acquisition of data based on the conclusions made within previous scientific research. This research paper also provides some information regarding the culturally determined lexical units.
Practical importance of the research lays in the field of the practical implementation of the results obtained: these may be applied in practical classes of English lexicology, theory and practice of English and translation practicums as well.
Research structure: the research paper contains introduction, two chapters divided into subchapters, conclusion, references and appendix. Both chapters end with the Chapter overview.
 

Заключение:

Syntagmatic relations concern positioning, and relate entities that co-occur in the text; it is a relation in praesentia. This relation is a linear one, and applies to linguistic entities that occur in sequential combinations. One example is words that occur in a sequence, as in a normal sentence. Syntagmatic relations are combinatorial relations, which means that words that enter into such relations can be combined with each other. A syntagm is such an ordered combination of linguistic entities.
The syntagmatic aspect of the meaning of a word is a complex formation that prescribes and conducts the combination of words into speech. The selective component included in it «controls» the process of realizing the combination of words and allows words to be combined in the speech chain exclusively on the principle of selectivity. Depending on the nature of the selection restrictions, particular components are distinguished in it (denotative-selective, con-notative-selective, national-culturally selective, and proper selective). The restrictive component regulates the «double» restriction in the compatibility of lexemes by further concretization within the semantic class of these lexemes. The syntagmatic aspect plays one of the significant roles in the meaning of the word, since it is it that ensures the linearity of speech in the process of communication, that is, it fully contributes to the implementation of speech activity.
Paradigmatic relations, on the other hand, concern substitution, and relates entities that do not co-occur in the text; it is a relation in absentia. Paradigmatic relations hold between linguistic entities that occur in the same context but not at the same time. Paradigmatic relations are substitutional relations, which means that linguistic entities have a paradigmatic relation when the choice of one excludes the choice of another. A paradigm is thus a set of such substitutable entities.
Unlike syntagmatic relations, paradigmatic ones exist in the language system despite any particular context, text and a person’s vocabulary. These are vertical relations that actualize within the language system in general, not in the particular lexical conditions.
The practical analysis performed allowed to illustrate this difference. Paradigmatic relations are the reflection of the logical aspect of the English language system (synonyms, antonyms, hyperonyms, hyponyms exist beyond the boundaries of the particular text). Syntagmatic relations are horizontal, so they lie in the field of collocations and connections within the particular sentence. Undoubtedly, there are stable certain collocations within the language, but these are between the words creating word combinations and sentences and do not create a system of different layers.
 

Фрагмент текста работы:

1.1 Syntagmatic relations in language

Syntagmatic relations are direct relations of elements in a segment sequence (chain). They are usually thought of as «linear» relations, since the sound segments of speech have a length in time (represented by spatial extent in writing) [25]. For instance: The dark shadows of the trees were becoming longer.
This sentence syntagmatically combines words and word groups «the shadows», «dark shadows», «the shadows of the trees», «the shadows were becoming longer».
The combination of two words or combinations of words, one of which (in a broad sense) defines the other (that is, in some way modifies or clarifies its meaning and function), is called a «syntagma». Among the compounds of significant words, four main types of syntagmas are as follows:
1. predicative (combination of a subject with a predicate),
2. objective (combination of a verb with an object),
3. attributive (a combination of a noun with an attribute),
4. adverbial (a combination of a verb with a circumstance, an adjective or adverb with a modifier) [27; 15; 10].
These «autosemantic syntagmas» are opposed by syntagmatic combinations formed by the combination of autonomous words with service ones. For terminological distinction with autosemantic syntagmas, such combinations can be called «formative syntagmas». For instance: with curiosity; more daring; not averse; used to stay [18].
In a language chain that reveals the successive dependencies of adjacent components, syntagmas are semantically ordered in such a way that syntagmatic associations of individual words form, in turn, wider syntagmatic associations of the next rank (fig.1).
generalization [18]. At the same time, depicting the syntagmatic division of the structure in the form of successive, more and more specific divisions (“branchings”) of its categorical elements, starting from a single category representing the structure as a whole (the summit of generalization in the accepted range of analysis). The diagram clearly represents the hierarchical nature of the structure of the structure. Such a scheme is usually called the «tree of direct components» [21].
Applying the usual linguistic terms and symbols, it is possible to describe the above combination in the form of a tree of direct components. A similar hierarchy of syntagmas can be shown within a sentence, both simple and complex one [22].
Since the syntagmatic relations of linguistic units are directly observed in actually pronounced utterances, they are sometimes called in Latin relations «in praesentia».
The study of syntagmatic characteristics in vocabulary plays an important role, since a word is a special linguistic unit that has semantic and combinatorial significance arising from the individual meaning of a word when it is combined in a linear series [26; 8].
When studying the semantic side of a word in the structural approach, three main directions were formed:
1. microcomponent — comes from the homogeneity of the lexical meaning, which is divided into extremely small semantic components (semes);
2. macrocomponent — proceeds from the heterogeneity of the lexical meaning, in which «semantic blocks», or macrocomponents, of different levels of the hierarchy are distinguished;
3. aspect — assumes the isolation in the lexical meaning of the word of various aspects (sides, layers, parameters, etc.) reflecting different sides of meaning or manifestation in the system of language and speech [14, p. 41].
Different aspects of meaning, reflecting different sides of the same object, are closely interrelated. The denotative aspect characterizes the actual correlation of the word with the object (situation), the significative — reflects the conceptual correlation, the pragmatic and connotative — include emotional-expressive assessment and various connotations, the structural paradigmatic — fixes the place of the lexical unit in the linguistic system, the structural syntagmatic — is determined by the linear relations of the lexical unit in speech and has a communicative value [23].
Apart from the above, other aspects of meaning are highlighted, however, the subject of this article is the syntagmatic aspect of the meaning of a word, which performs one of the main functions of speech: it synthesizes and integrates the content of other aspects of meaning, and these, in turn, are realized in syntagmatics and receive in it real embodiment [29]. The study of the syntagmatic aspect of the lexical meaning of a word is carried out within the framework of combinatorial semasiology, which is a description of the relations between the semantics of a word and its collocation abilities [23].
The syntagmatic aspect plays a significant role in the meaning, «allowing» words to combine, thus forming various and new meanings. In this aspect of the word, the very nature of collocation is laid, which correlates with a person’s consciousness and his ability to choose linguistic units stored in memory, and then combine them in speech [14; 15].
The syntagmatic aspect of the lexical meaning is understood as both the semantic and non-semantic components of a word, which regulates the syntactic formation of a semantically flawless and normatively conditioned combination of a given word with another word (its distributor) [13]. However, it should be noted that sometimes, in addition to the normative meaning, a word can enter into uncharacteristic connections for it, that is, act in an occasional meaning, for example, dull melancholy or enamel air (usually such abnormal uses are found in fiction and poetry). Such combinations are also accepted by the language system, as they correspond to phonetic, morphological and semantic norms [9].
The lexical meaning of a word as an integral structure includes all lexical and semantic variants (hereinafter LSV) of a polysemantic word and shades of its meaning. The form of the LSV is not only the phonetic appearance and morphological variation, but also the totality of connections of the given LSV with the surrounding words in the text, that is, its syntagmatic features. Although the combination of words in the speech chain is governed by the law of semantic concordance [3], its character can vary considerably [5].