Курсовая с практикой на тему Peculiarities of mutual borrowings in English and Spanish.

Содержание:

Introduction 3
1. Linguistic borrowing as a concept 5
1.1 The background and methods of borrowings from other languages 5
1.2 Anglicisms in the Spanish language 8
1.3 Words of Spanish origin in English 12
2. Mutual English – Spanish borrowings in publicistic style: a case study 16
2.1 The thematic criterion of borrowings from Spanish: natural, military, everyday life spheres 16
2.2 The thematic criteria of borrowings from English: sphere of the arts, digital technologies and mass culture 18
2.3 Functional aspects of mutual borrowings 23
Conclusion 28
Bibliography 30

Введение:

This course work is devoted to consideration of the types of borrowed Spanish vocabulary in English and English vocabulary in Spanish, identifying the main areas of use and consideration of the features of its functioning.
The role of borrowing in different languages varies and depends on the specific historical conditions for the development of each language. In English, the percentage of borrowing is much higher than in many other languages, because, for historical reasons, it turned out to be very permeable, in contrast to, for example, Icelandic. More than any other language, English had the opportunity to borrow foreign words in terms of direct direct contact: first in the Middle Ages from foreign invaders replacing each other on the British Isles, and later in the conditions of trade expansion and the English colonialist activity. It is estimated that the number of primordial words in the English dictionary is only about 30%. This circumstance gave many researchers a reason to exaggerate the meaning of borrowing and consider English not Germanic, but Romano-Germanic, mark the mixed character of English vocabulary as its most important feature, and sometimes reduce the entire lexicology of English to the problem of borrowing.
Spanish, in comparison with English, seems to be less permeable, this is due to the fact that the Royal Spanish Academy is zealously fighting for the purity of the language. However, in any language, one way or another, there is a certain percentage of borrowed vocabulary due to the fact that, both in ancient times and today, there is a constant interaction of different cultures, and, consequently, of languages, with each other.
The relevance of this work is due to the study of the process of borrowing and the mutual influence of English and Spanish. Despite the fact that there are many studies of the borrowing process, which examine the influence of the Spanish language on English (for example, works on the history of the development of the English language of foreign linguists Barfield O., Bo A.), no attempt was made to classify borrowings that came into English through spanish.
The Purpose of this course work is to study the peculiarities of the development of language relations in the process of interaction between English and Spanish.
To achieve the goal for the study, the following tasks were formulated:
— The background and methods of borrowings from other languages.
— Anglicisms in the Spanish language.
— Words of Spanish origin in English.
— The thematic criterion of borrowings from Spanish: natural, military, everyday life spheres.
— The thematic criteria of borrowings from English: sphere of the arts, digital technologies and mass culture.
— Functional aspects of mutual borrowings.
The object of the research is language units: words, phrases, phraseological turns, which are borrowings from Spanish and English.
The subject of the research is the functional load of Spanish and English borrowings in English and Spanish.
The work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion and sources used.

Заключение:

In the course work was the problem of the process of borrowing Spanish and English languages and the interaction of languages throughout history.
A study of the vocabulary of modern English allows us to draw a number of conclusions.
1. The vocabulary of modern English is etymologically mixed. The long-term and multifaceted impact of other languages on the vocabulary of the English language has led to the penetration of a large number of foreign language borrowings.
In the course of research from the etymological dictionary of Howd T.F. Early borrowings were revealed — Latin borrowings in the Old English period, included in the direct way, Latin borrowings, entered into the English language through the Spanish language and Arab borrowings, entered in the indirect way. All of them are mostly nouns from the plant and animal world, household items, clothing, medicine and religion. Borrowings of this period were mainly transmitted orally. The study revealed that there is a similarity of phonetics and morphology in the names of plants, animals, household items in modern English, Old English and Latin. The same similarity is observed in Latin and Arabic borrowings, which came through the Spanish language to English in the early stages.
2. Despite the extensive influx of foreign words, borrowing has undergone transformations in accordance with the phonetic, grammatical lexical norms of the English language.
3. The process of borrowing English from Spanish took place in the 16th century in the New England period. The abundance of a large number of words of Romance origin allows us to conclude that the assimilation of the Spanish language in English was carried out without strong resistance to the basic language. In the process of borrowing words undergo morphological and phonetic changes. Thanks to numerous lexical borrowings, a number of affixes and prefixes influenced the morphological structure of the English language. Far from all borrowed words are assimilated so completely, therefore, according to the degree of their assimilation, borrowing data revealed during the study can be attributed to partially assimilated, having no English equivalent and denoting concepts related to other languages. 208 Spanish borrowings of the New England period, 39 cripples, 75 phonemes and 95 morphemic types of borrowing were revealed. The largest number is morphemic borrowing. The main way is mediated.
In the modern period, more nouns have been identified with the suffixes — or, — er, — tion, — cion with the prefixes de-, dis-, since they are productive, and this is due to the development of science, technology and international contacts. In phonetics, semantics and morphology, similarities are found in Spanish and English.
4. English was not only the language of the winner, it was influenced significantly by the languages of different countries. Since the Middle Ages, Spanish has changed more slowly than English. Speaking about the ways of borrowing, it should be noted that Spanish borrowings mainly penetrated into English indirectly through oral and written means. Ethnic factors substrate, superstratum and adstrat had a significant impact on the language. The tracing of the structures of the language of the substrate is increasing and is observed.
5. Everything in the language is subject to change due to numerous lexical, phonemic and morphemic borrowings. There is also a phonetic and semantic assimilation of Spanish borrowings in southern Spain and Latin America. The study made an analysis of lexical and phonetic elements in the Spanish language of Spain and Latin America. A list of words in English, Spanish and Spanish Latin America. It was revealed that English with Spanish in Spain has similarities in phonetics and semantics, while there are discrepancies with Spanish in Latin America. The presence of the bilingualism process in Latin America was also revealed. The speech of the inhabitants of this region is replete with words of English with Spanish, as well as Spanish with Italian. In the vocabulary of the English language there are words created on the principle of affixation throughout the history of the English language. Non-equivalent Spanish vocabulary is also present in English in the form of barbarism and exoticism, which speaks of the phenomenon of undigested borrowings.
Spanish borrowing in the field of cooking, especially Mexican cuisine, also made a special contribution to the vocabulary of the English language.
In the perspective of the study, a more in-depth analysis of the development of word-formation productivity, the borrowing process, and functional features in the modern world is possible, which will make it possible to more widely consider the features of borrowed vocabulary and the degree of its use in the language.

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. Linguistic borrowing as a concept

1.1 The background and methods of borrowings from other languages

There are the following groups: phonetic borrowings, translation loans, semantic borrowings, morphemic borrowings.
Phonetic borrowings are most characteristic in all languages, they are called loan words proper. Words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Then they undergo assimilation, each sound in the borrowed word is substituted by the corresponding sound of the borrowing language. In some cases the spelling is changed. The structure of the word can also be changed. The position of the stress is very often influenced by the phonetic system of the borrowing language. The paradigm of the word, and sometimes the meaning of the borrowed word are also changed. Such words as: labour, travel, table, chair, people are phonetic borrowings from French; apparatchik, nomenklatura, sputnik are phonetic borrowings from Russian; bank, soprano, duet are phonetic borrowings from Italian etc. [36; 89].
Translation loans are word-for-word (or morpheme-for-morpheme) translations of some foreign words or expressions. In such cases the notion is borrowed from a foreign language but it is expressed by native lexical units, «to take the bull by the horns» (Latin), «fair sex» (French), «living space» (German) etc. Some translation loans appeared in English from Latin already in the Old English period, e.g. Sunday (solis dies). There are translation loans from the languages of Indians, such as: «pipe of peace», «pale-faced», from German «masterpiece», «homesickness», «superman» [32; 67].
Semantic borrowings are such units when a new meaning of the unit existing in the language is borrowed. It can happen when we have two relative languages which have common words with different meanings, e.g. there are semantic borrowings between Scandinavian and English, such as the meaning «to live» for the word «to dwell’ which in Old English had the meaning «to wander». Or else the meaning «gift», «gift» for the word «gift» which in Old English had the meaning «ransom for his wife» [29; 312].
Semantic borrowing can appear when an English word was borrowed into some other language, developed there a new meaning and this new meaning was borrowed back into English, e.g. «brigade» was borrowed into Russian and formed the meaning «a working collective». This meaning was borrowed back into English as a Russian borrowing. The same is true of the English word «pioneer».
Morphemic borrowings are borrowings of affixes which occur in the language when many words with identical affixes are borrowed from one language into another, so that the morphemic structure of borrowed words becomes familiar to the people speaking the borrowing language, e.g. we can find a lot of Romanic affixes in the English word-building system, that is why there are a lot of words — hybrids in English where different morphemes have different origin, e.g. «goddess», «beautiful» etc.
The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors [27; 138]:
a) from what group of languages the word was borrowed, if the word belongs to the same group of languages to which the borrowing language belongs it is assimilated easier,
b) in what way the word is borrowed: orally or in the written form, words borrowed orally are assimilated quicker,
c) how often the borrowing is used in the language, the greater the frequency of its usage, the quicker it is assimilated,
d) how long the word lives in the language, the longer it lives, the more assimilated it is.
Accordingly borrowings are subdivided into: completely assimilated, partly assimilated and non-assimilated (barbarisms).
Completely assimilated borrowings are not felt as foreign words in the language, cf the French word «sport» and the native word «start». Completely assimilated verbs belong to regular verbs, e.g. correct -corrected. Completely assimilated nouns form their plural by means of s-inflexion, e.g. gate- gates. In completely assimilated French words the stress has been shifted from the last syllable to the last but one [26; 89].
Semantic assimilation of borrowed words depends on the words existing in the borrowing language, as a rule, a borrowed word does not bring all its meanings into the borrowing language, if it is polysemantic, e.g. the Russian borrowing «sputnik» is used in English only in one of its meanings.
Partly assimilated borrowings are subdivided into the following groups: a) borrowings non-assimilated semantically, because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from the language of which they were borrowed, e.g. sari, sombrero, taiga, kvass etc.
b) borrowings non-assimilated grammatically, e.g. nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek retain their plural forms (bacillus — bacilli, phenomenon — phenomena, datum -data, genius — genii etc.
c) borrowings non-assimilated phonetically. Here belong words with the initial sounds /v/ and /z/, e.g. voice, zero. In native words these voiced consonants are used only in the intervocal position as allophones of sounds /f/ and /s/ ( loss — lose, life — live ). Some Scandinavian borrowings have consonants and combinations of consonants which were not palatalized, e.g. /sk/ in the words: sky, skate, ski etc (in native words we have the palatalized sounds denoted by the digraph «sh», e.g. shirt); sounds /k/ and /g/ before front vowels are not palatalized e.g. girl, get, give, kid, kill, kettle. In native words we have palatalization, e.g. German, child.
Some French borrowings have retained their stress on the last syllable, e.g. police, cartoon. Some French borrowings retain special combinations of sounds, e.g. /a:3/ in the words: camouflage, bourgeois, some of them retain the combination of sounds /wa:/ in the words: memoir, boulevard.
d) borrowings can be partly assimilated graphically, e.g. in Greak borrowings «y» can be spelled in the middle of the word (symbol, synonym), «ph» denotes the sound /f/ (phoneme, morpheme), «ch» denotes the sound /k/(chemistry, chaos),«ps» denotes the sound /s/ (psychology).
Latin borrowings retain their polisyllabic structure, have double consonants, as a rule, the final consonant of the prefix is assimilated with the initial consonant of the stem, (accompany, affirmative).
French borrowings which came into English after 1650 retain their spelling, e.g. consonants «p», «t», «s» are not pronounced at the end of the word (buffet, coup, debris), Specifically French combination of letters «eau» /ou/ can be found in the borrowings: beau, chateau, troussaeu. Some of digraphs retain their French pronunciation: ‘ch’ is pronounced as /sh/, e.g. chic, parachute, ‘qu’ is pronounced as /k/ e.g. bouquet, «ou» is pronounced as /u:/, e.g. rouge; some letters retain their French pronunciation, e.g. «i» is pronounced as /i:/, e,g, chic, machine; «g» is pronounced as /3/, e.g. rouge [30; 67].
Modern German borrowings also have some peculiarities in their spelling: common nouns are spelled with a capital letter e.g. Autobahn, Lebensraum; some vowels and digraphs retain their German pronunciation, e.g. «a» is pronounced as /a:/ (Dictat), «u» is pronounced as /u:/ (Kuchen), «au» is pronounced as /au/ (Hausfrau), «ei» is pronounced as /ai/ (Reich); some consonants are also pronounced in the German way, e.g. «s» before a vowel is pronounced as /z/ (Sitskrieg), «v» is pronounced as /f/ (Volkswagen), «w» is pronounced as /v/, «ch» is pronounced as /h/ (Kuchen).
Non-assimilated borrowings (barbarisms) are borrowings which are used by Englishmen rather seldom and are non-assimilated, e.g. addio (Italian), tete-a-tete (French), dolce vita (Italian), duende (Spanish), an homme a femme (French), gonzo (Italian) etc.