Курсовая с практикой на тему Особенности употребления пассивного залога в современной англоязычной художественной литературе («Клара и Солнце» Кадзуо Исигуро )Peculiarities of the passive voice usage in modern fiction (“Klara and The Sun” by Kazuo Ishiguro

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION 3

CHAPTER 1. THE VOICE RELATIONS IN MODERN ENGLISH 5

1.1. The category of Voice in English 5

1.2 Expressing of Passive Voice in grammar aspect 11

1.3 Summary of results 15

CHAPTER 2. VERB FORMS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE OF A MODERN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE NOVEL 17

2.1 The use of passive voice in modern fiction 17

2.2 The use of passive voice in novel “Klara and The Sun” by Kazuo Ishiguro 20

2.3 Summary of results 25

CONCLUSION 27

REFERENCES 29

Введение:

The problem of the English Passive Voice has long been of interest to linguists. While various aspects of this category have been well studied, many questions remain the subject of scientific discussion. The difficulty in discovering the meaning of passive constructions lies in their semantic heterogeneity, for understanding which it is necessary to take into account the different levels of language. Different levels of linguistic means of expression of a common meaning are linked by certain relationships, thus forming functional-semantic domains.

The relevance of our work lies in the fact that this category, represented by different ways of expressing different levels of language, is widespread and, although many aspects of it have already been studied, it needs further research and systematization.

The research is based on the problem of expressing certain meanings and subtexts through the use of grammatical passive constructions in the text of modern English-language literature.

The object of this study is the category of Passive Voice in English. The subject of the study is the function of passive structure in fiction texts.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the function of passive structure in English fiction texts. Therefore, the following working tasks were set and consistently carried out:

1. To identify the main features of the category of voice in English.

2. To give the concept of «passive structure» and determine its meaning and function in the language;

3. To determine the function and structure of Passive Voice in English fiction;

4. To conduct a practical study of the function and structure of the passive construction in the novel «Klara and the Sun» by Kazuo Ishiguro.

The work is based on the scientific works of the following authors: concerning the history of the development of the passive voice and passive constructions in English  A. Kholodovich, N. Kobrina, L.I. Andrievskaya, B.M. Huseynov, M.M. Gukhman, N.A. Dmitrieva, O. Espersen, T.A. Rastorgueva, N.N. Sigareva, M.Y. Blokh, M.M. Bryant, G.O. Curme, J. Layons, F.R. Palmer, H.A. Sweet and others; concerning the function of the passive construction in the text of the fiction  V.S. Hrakovsky, E.S. Genushene, V.E. Shevyakova, L.S. Granger.

The material of this work includes theoretical sources, the text of Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel «Klara and the Sun», as well as example structures of passive construction . A total of 50 examples were considered.

Methodology: the analysis of scientific literature, comparative approach and component analysis approach to the subject of research were used in the work.

The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that it complements the theoretical works on the topic of attribution based on linguistic material, in particular revealing the practical potential of categorical and non-categorical passive structures and their text-forming function.

The practical significance of the research is based on the fact that the analysis carried out and the results obtained can be used in lectures on general linguistics, theoretical grammar of English, morphological courses and seminars.

The structure of the work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography.

 

Заключение:

The paper attempts to examine pragmatic and functional aspects of the study of passive structures and the expression of voice categories in Modern English and Russian. The inner logic of the content presentation of the work is due to the uneven morphological and semantic study of voice categories. A brief overview of the subject-target relations in English and Russian is presented.

Attention is paid to the concepts of «commitment» and «quality». Functional specificity determines the reality of the analyzed passive constructions and their various features. In these constructions, the same situation is referred to as the core position of the verbal morpheme, which makes it possible to explore the verbal lexeme, i.e. the meaning. In considering the functional-semantic domain, we note that the categories of functional aspects allow us to consider the relations and interactions of elements expressing incidental semantics from the perspective.

It is a complex syntactic and lexical interaction, which always represents a particular domain, where the domain is united by a common feature — the feature of an action in its relation to the subject and the object. The functional-semantic domain is, first of all, a hierarchical structure, divided into a center and a periphery.

The choice of passive constructions depends on contextual factors, such as the speaker’s perspective and the structure of the discourse. So, the narrative is characterized by an action-oriented approach, the author takes the position of the protagonist, as indicated by the agency argument. Weakening its influence means, respectively, weakening the importance of the protagonist and focusing attention on other characters, which interrupts the focus on action.

In K. Ishiguro’s anti-utopian novel «Klara and the Sun», a society with an uncertain future with a new class system is revealed. From the very beginning of the work, the author makes it clear that his characters are representatives of a heterogeneous society, distinguished from each other, especially in allowing children the ability to acquire artificial friends and the ability to obtain a prestigious education.

The work also has its own «class» division: the new B3 models belong to the upper class, which is preferred by the richest people, and the outdated models are treated down to emphasize their shortcomings. In choosing the latest series of CP, parents were guided not so much by the improvement of features as by the fact that most children did not have such a thing. K. Ishiguro’s style is characterized by a diverse philosophical understanding of human problems, which he describes in the form of allusions.

In modern English, instead of the transitive nature of the verb being less important (compared to German), a wider range of verb properties reveals any available complement, direct or indirect. Verbs used in the passive voice come in the following types:

1) Transitive verbs, such as: «to say something», «to hear something» with one complement that becomes the subject in the passive construction e.g.: «something was said.»

2) Verbs with two complements, direct and indirect, which are obligatory and for which two passive constructions are inherent.

On the basis of our work, which briefly describes other commitments and how to implement them in English and Russian, we conclude that the active form of commitment in English has many meanings — active, internal. The category of passive formations is the transformation of active sentences, that is, the transformation of the active structure into a corresponding passive structure, which is considered to be the original and derivative. Passive forms belong to the category of flexia, and their concomitant meanings are classified according to the formal series of verb forms and their opposites.

In English, as in Russian, the mortgage system is represented by opposition to the passive/active. The attached objection specifies the type of link to an objection. In summary, it can be seen that the scope of passive forms is much wider in English than in other languages, which means that more English verbs can express the scope of passive expressions.

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER 1. THE VOICE RELATIONS IN MODERN ENGLISH

1.1. The category of Voice in English

Voice is a grammatical category formed with the help of morphology and syntax. The verbal category of voice is the grammatical category expressing the relationship between the action, the actor (the subject of the action) and the object to which the action is directed (the object). It is displayed in word forms and governing functions [17]. Voice is a category formed by the comparison of this set of morphological forms, whose meanings differ according to the different representations of the same relations between the semantic topic, the action and the semantic object.

The distinction is determined by the different orientation of the verb symbols with respect to their objects, which are expressed by the subject. This is achieved by the special structure of assets and liabilities: in the first structure the verb symbol is expressed as a derivative of the object; in the passive structure against it. This difference is determined by the fact that in the asset, the semantic subject acts as an attribute of the verbal feature, and in the passive, the semantic object. Thus, the same relation between subject, action and object is presented in different ways in two constructions: from the side of the subject performing the action, or from the side of the object experiencing the action or experiencing the action (voice) [2, p. 576].

The grammatical category characterizing a verb is closely related to its meaning and syntactic function. The doctrine of verb voices in language science has a long history and various hypotheses. The above-mentioned problems were dealt with by scientists, including M. Lomonosov, P. Fortunatov, A. Peshkovsky and many others, each of whom had his own theory about the number of verb voices in Russian. Greek grammarians already knew the categories of linguistic Voices (the term voice itself is an exact translation of the Greek word diathesis — position, voice, i.e. the relation of action to the subject). From them, this is what the oldest Slavic grammarians (M. Smotritsky et al.) consider as teaching. In our work we consider various classifications of Russian linguists.

For example, in M.V. Lomonosov’s «Russian Grammar», the traditional system of six verb voices originates. It includes the active voice, or transitional, retrograde, mutual, average, passive and joint. In the works of academician A.A. Shakhmatov, three voices of the verb are considered: active, passive and reversed. The inverse voice, or the reversed mean formed with the help of particles that give different meanings to the verb, is defined as being divided into several voices (actually-transitive, general-transitive, indirect-transitive, indirect-causal-transitive, reciprocal-transitive, passive-transitive)

Modern grammatical work still lacks a generally accepted definition of speech categories and their types. Technically, a voice is a morphological category. It is expressed by changing the form of a verb and is formed on the basis of a formal expression of its constituent relations: «subject-predicate-complement». In terms of content, it is a grammatical category because it expresses a certain link between the components of a sentence: «the object  to be – predicated object». However, the state can express not only the grammatical relations between the members of a sentence, but also the relationship between the subject and the application and its semantic role in the respective situation. The components of the two levels  form syntax and semantics (or concepts)  do not always reflect each other clearly. Therefore, these inconsistent properties are called diathesis (by A. Kholodovich’s ratio) [13, p. 304]. This definition was introduced in the 1970s.

In considering linguistic voices, linguists have taken different approaches to the category: some have considered the semantic and syntactic tones of the subject-object relation expressed in the verb; others have used the category of transitive/inchoate to determine states; some scientists have relied only on the relevance of the grammatically revealed subject-object relation, ignoring the subject-object relation with the “null object”. The traditional system of verbal voices with some variation has survived until today. However, serious objections to it have been raised in the scientific literature for a long time. Some scientists use the concepts of transitive and intransitive to determine the categories of voices and argue that in East Slavic languages there are only two kinds of verbal voices: transitive and intransitive. Transitional voices include verbs, where the transitive is determined by its lexical meaning, and some verbs formed by the intransitive.

Grammarians have defined the scope and grammatical meaning of this category in different ways. Some scientists see in the reflective voice the relation of action to the object, others include in the scope of the value of the voice super-object relations and various relations with the subject; others try to limit the concept of the voice to the relation of action to the subject. For example, the structure of assets and liabilities is a syntactic means of expressing the relationship between subject, action and object. The morphological meaning here is the verb form. In the active construction the verb is the verb of the active voice, in the passive construction it is the verb of the passive voice. Thus, the category of voices is formed by the opposition of activity and passivity as such a syntactic meaning, which contains different representations of the same relation between the semantic subject, the action and the semantic object. This difference is expressed morphologically — through the verb form and syntactically — through the structure of assets and passives.

In easy terms there are two categories of English Voice: active and passive. In the active state, a verb represents an action performed by a subject. Passive verbs are necessary when the person performing the action is unknown or the speaker believes that there is no need to mark it. The idea expressed in the passive voice cannot be expressed in the active voice verb because there is no indication of the person performing the action, who may be the subject of the active voice. This type of passive voice is more common than the passive voice, in which the person is appointed to perform the action, i.e., it is used with the addition of the preposition ‘by’.

Fig.1 Comparison of Active and Passive Voice in English

Thus, the first sentence with the predicate is represented by the verb in the active voice, which is called the «active verb state», and the second sentence with the predicate is represented by the verb in the passive voice, which is called the «passive verb state».

There is still no generally accepted definition of the categories of voice constructions and their typology in modern grammatical studies. Speaking in terms of formal grammar, a voice is a morphological category expressed through changes in the forms of a verb, and it is formed on the basis of a formal representation of a subject-component relation: «predicate object». In terms of content, it is a grammatical category because it expresses a certain relationship between the components of a sentence: an agent-predicate object. However, the state expresses not only the grammatical relations between the members of the sentence, but also the relations between the subject and the predicate and their semantic role in this context.

Since then, voices have been defined as «grammatical markers as verbs». They are distinguished in a language when it has a verbal vocabulary and its different lexical forms correspond to different expressions, that is, there is a different consistency between lexical roles and expressions by their members. For the above reasons, there are three auxiliary definitions in grammar — semantics, syntax, and semantic syntax. Therefore, the specified class can be defined as a syntactic class, which in turn includes the named aspects: semantics, syntax and morphology.