Курсовая с практикой на тему Неологизмы в английском языке

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION.. 3

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL BASIS FOR
STUDYING NEOLOGISMS. 5

1.1 Neologism as phenomenon of modern
English. 5

1.2 Types of word formation in English. 8

1.3 Classification of neologisms. 11

Summary. 14

CHAPTER 2. FEATURES OF NEOLOGISMS IN
MODERN ENGLISH.. 15

2.1 Word-formation models of English
neologisms. 15

2.2 Thematic groups of English neologisms. 27

Summary. 29

CONCLUSION.. 31

REFERENCES. 33

Введение:

In recent years, in connection with the development of science, culture,
technology, industry, changes have occurred in the vocabulary of the English
language, expressed in the appearance of new words and phrases that serve as
names for new objects, phenomena, concepts. Neologisms, which have become units
of the language, eventually enter dictionaries that reflect the current state
of the vocabulary.

New words are constantly appearing in the language. The development of
science and technology, the expansion of international cooperation, growing
globalization and many other factors affect the enrichment of the vocabulary of
the language. Social factors are also a productive cause of forming neologisms.
New lexical units are widespread in media texts, as they are designed to
reflect the current situation in society and are always relevant.

The relevance of this research is explained by the
importance of studying the phenomenon of new vocabulary, which is designed to
reflect all the changes that are taking place in modern life. In this context,
such phenomena as computerization, informatization, and globalization come to
the fore. In addition, that significant interest in the problem of neologisms
in the system of the English language is predetermined by the importance of
neologisms in the context of language development, which directly reflects the
process of language adaptation to the changing reality.

In view of the fact that most of the nominative
stimuli of the modern language are supplied by the social, political,
scientific, technical, and cultural spheres of human activity, at the present
stage of the development of the science of language, the need for a
comprehensive study of linguistic and sociocultural processes in their
functional interaction comes to the fore. Without a doubt, the coronavirus
pandemic has made a significant contribution to the formation and expansion of
the corpus of neologisms in modern English.

The object of this research is neologisms in the
lexical system of modern English.

The subject of this research is the word-formation
models and thematic groups of neologisms in modern English.

The purpose of the research is to identify the most
common word-formation models used for the creation of neologisms in modern
English and determine their thematic features.

The set purpose implies the solution of the following tasks:

1. define the concept
of "neologism" in linguistic research;

2. identify the factors
having the direct impact on the creation of neologisms in the English lexical
system;

3. identify
word-formation models for creating neologisms in modern English; 4. specify the thematic
categories of English neologisms.

To solve the set tasks in the research, the following
methods were used: analysis and synthesis for working with research literature,
methods of continuous sampling and classification, the descriptive method for
working with research material, quantitative analysis.

The source of the research is The Washington Post.

The practical value of the research is due to the fact
that the conclusions gained, as well as illustrative material can be used in
further scientific research in the field of neology of the modern English
language. In addition, this research is important both in the context of
learning English grammar and in terms of English stylistics.

The research base of this research was the
papers by A.I. Smirnitsky, I.V. Arnold, V.G. Gak, V.I. Zabotkina, I.A. Sternin
and others.

The structure of the research is determined by
the set purpose and tasks. The work consists of introduction, two chapters,
conclusion and references.

Заключение:

Summing up, a neologism is a new word, a linguistic
innovation, a grammatical feature manifested in the language system. The main
and main reason for the emergence of neologisms is scientific, technical and
social progress: the emergence of new socio-economic realia, scientific and
technical discoveries, achievements in the field of culture.

The key feature of any neologism is the absolute
novelty of the word for most native speakers. In addition, any word remains a
neologism for a very short time. Since the word begins to be actively used, it
loses its peculiarity of novelty and becomes generally accepted. Consequently,
the definition of a neologism is changeable in time and relative: a word
remains a neologism as long as the speakers feel novelty in it.

As for the factors influencing the appearance of neologisms in speech,
the lexical system is characterized by duality: on the one hand, it reveals a
direct connection with the surrounding reality, on the other hand, it obeys the
general linguistic laws of word formation. External, social factors require
constant enrichment from the lexical composition of the language, and internal,
linguistic factors determine the specific forms of such an enrichment. The
processes within reality, socially significant events, requiring new
nominations, activate certain links of the word-formation system of the
language.

Within the framework of this research, the main ways
of forming neologisms of the English language were considered. In the formation
of words in modern English, the following word-formation models are involved:
abbreviation, conversion, affixation, disaffixation, compounding, compression.
These types of word formation can function independently or together.

Practical analysis of English neologisms implied the
study of their semantic and structural features, as well as consideration of
their thematic correspondence.

In the course of the research, it was found that
compounding has a rich potential in the formation of lexical units, since it
allows to combine the semantics of different words in one. Affixation allows
the use of prefixes and suffixes typical for the English language, adding
shades of meaning to the created neologisms, as well as changing their part of
speech. Neologisms-abbreviations are used in a language when their meaning in
full form is obvious to native speakers. Also, the abbreviation allows to
create truncated versions of normative words, and they are characterized as
slang. Compression allows to create neologisms based on phrases existing in the
language. Moreover, in a number of cases, the formation of a neologism required
the simultaneous use of several word-formation models.

In turn, the analysis of
thematic categories of English neologisms revealed the following ones:
COVID-19, economics, IT, ecology and politics.

The performed quantitative
analysis showed the highest productivity of the compounding, which allows to
create words with new semantics based on the components already existing in the
language. At the same time, the overwhelming majority of the identified
neologisms belong to the thematic category "COVID-19", which reflects
its importance for modern society.

In general, language as a
dynamic system that reflects the processes taking place in society, describes
new actual phenomena of various aspects of human life.

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL BASIS FOR
STUDYING NEOLOGISMS 1.1 Neologism as phenomenon of modern English According to I.V. Arnold, neologism is a word or a
speech construction created to denote a new object or express a new concept [1, p. 28]. Commonly, a neologism is a word or concept
that has not yet entered widespread use among the language natives. The word
ceases to be a neologism as soon as it leaves the narrow circle of use and
becomes widespread in the speech [1, p. 30].

The difference between neologisms and occasional words
should be taken into account. In the dictionary by T.F. Efremova presented the
following definition of occasional words. "Occasional words are the words
formed at a certain moment, in relation to any special case, as one of the
varieties of neologisms (in linguistics)" [7, p. 418].

In fact, an occasional word is a neologism of
individual-stylistics that was created on the basis of a specific text for a
specific purpose, which, however, never entered the main body of the language [14, p. 102].

It is important to emphasize that the concept of "neologism"
itself is adapted in the language system on the basis of already existing
word-formation models. At the same time, the main goal of neologism is to
become a name for a new phenomenon or object. Moreover, the key reason for the
formation of neologisms is social and scientific and technological progress.

The main distinctive feature of neologisms is the complete novelty of
the created word for the vast majority of native speakers. Such a word quickly
leaves the position of a neologism. It becomes either a part of the language,
or goes to its periphery.

It is necessary to consider the point of view of A.I.
Smirnitsky, according to whom a person who creates a new word strives for
individualization and originality of the created lexical unit. At the next
stage, such a lexical unit passes through several stages of socialization and
lexicalization (consolidation in the language system). All the processes of
socialization of a word and its lexicalization occur in the context of the
interaction of various intermediaries [13, p. 114].