Курсовая с практикой на тему Источники пополнения лексического состава современного английского языка

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION 3

CHAPTER 1. NEOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE OF THE XXI CENTURY 5

1.1 The concept of neologisms and their typology 5

1.2 Reasons for the emergence of new words 10

Key findings to Chapter 1 15

CHAPTER 2. SOURCES OF NEOLOGISMS MODERN ENGLISH 16

2.1 Borrowed vocabulary 16

2.2 Transformation of Existing Lexical Units 21

2.3 Occasional vocabulary 25

Key findings to Chapter 2 31

CONCLUSION 32

GLOSSARY 34

REFERENCES 35

SOURCES 38

Введение:

Living processes of vocabulary development are organically linked with neology as a science. Constant changes in social life, in human relations, the development of science and technology, art, culture are reflected in the vocabulary. Some words fall out of the active vocabulary and are forgotten over time, but at the same time a large number of new words appear — the vocabulary is enriched.

The significant quantitative growth of neologisms in the English language made it necessary to publish dictionaries and reference books in the UK and the USA that register new words and phrases that have appeared over the past one or two years. An analysis of the dictionaries of neologisms, materials of the periodical press of the English-speaking countries shows that quantitative changes in the vocabulary have also caused qualitative changes in the ways and means of enrichment, especially changes in the word-formation system, in the directions and trends of the semantic development of vocabulary. There is a need for a comprehensive study of the processes and phenomena associated with the development of the vocabulary of the English language in recent decades.

The relevance of this topic is determined by constant changes in vocabulary, so there is a need for their study and a detailed consideration of the means of forming new words. This topic will be relevant as long as the language exists and develops.

The object of the study is the vocabulary of the modern English language, and its subject is the means of word formation in it. The purpose of the study is to determine the sources of replenishment of the lexical fund of the modern English language. The implementation of this goal requires the solution of such specific tasks:

1. Define the concept of neologisms and their typology;

2. Identify the main reasons for the emergence of new words;

3. Classify the main sources of replenishment of the lexical fund of modern English.

Research methodology. Many scientists were engaged in describing the general rules for the formation of neologisms: Yu.A. Belchikov, R.Yu. Namitokova, N.A. Yanko-Trinitskaya. The method of classifying the ways of forming new words was developed by A.A. Bragina, V.G. Gak, B.N. Golovin, V.I. Maksimov, V.I. Zabotkina and others. A large number of new scientific works devoted to neologisms appear. This indicates the relevance of the topic of language neologization.

Research methods. To solve the tasks set, critical analysis of literature, discourse analysis, method of continuous sampling, classification method, generalization was used.

The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that through the study of neologisms it can be seen how the linguistic picture of the world is changing, analyze the features of the functioning of linguistic structures. The work consolidates the existing scientific views on the sources of replenishment of the English vocabulary.

The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that it can be used in further research on this topic, in lectures and practical classes on the lexicology of the English language.

The material of the study is excerpts from publications of modern English-language online publications.

Linguistic and sociolinguistic aspects of development, vocabulary enrichment have always been in the focus of attention of linguists. Their analysis allows us to understand the trends in the development of the language in general, to highlight the problem of the language and its environment.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, general conclusions and a list of references.

 

Заключение:

Borrowings in different languages have different effects on the enrichment of the vocabulary. In some languages, they have not had such an impact that could significantly affect the vocabulary composition of the language. In other languages, borrowing at different historical periods had such a significant impact on the vocabulary of the language that even service words, such as pronouns, prepositions, borrowed from other languages, displaced the original service words. Since borrowing as a process is inherent in every language and inherent in the lexical composition of the English language in particular, this topic is always important and relevant, it has enough material to consider and research.

Because a living language is a constantly evolving phenomenon. Something new comes, unnecessary, superfluous disappears, so for scientists working in the field of lexicology, there are many questions that need to be solved. The peculiarity of the English language is that it contains up to 70% borrowed vocabulary and only about 30% native vocabulary. On average, there are about 800 new words per year. English belongs to the Western subgroup of Germanic languages, so words representing its old stock very often find etymological parallels in other Germanic languages.

In English, according to its lingua franca status, there are quite a few loan words. This is not particularly surprising. But here are some of them may turn out to be of much unexpected origin. In this work, English-language borrowings from the most diverse language families were investigated: Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and East Asian.

Borrowings in English do not harm it, but, on the contrary, enrich his vocabulary and help the development of word formation. If you know the peculiarities of borrowings from different languages, it becomes easier and clearer to learn English.

Language is something essential and intimate for a person. A person learns the language, starting from infancy, along with life. Knowing the world, he simultaneously learns the language. Language is inseparable from its essence, from its individuality. Therefore, they perceive the attempt on their native language as an attempt on their essence and their self-identification. Therefore, people react very nervously. This is especially true for the English language because English culture is generally culture-centric; in English culture fiction, tradition, conservatism (speaking of England, in particular) occupies a central place.

As a result of the work, we can conclude that the composition of the vocabulary of English, as of any language, changes over time. The vocabulary of modern English is a complex combination of different elements, which layered on each other throughout the history of the language and entered into various relationships with each other. The leading process in the development of vocabulary at all stages was word formation. An important source of English vocabulary replenishment is also borrowing of foreign vocabulary as a way of nominating new phenomena and replacing existing names.

 

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER 1. NEOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE OF THE XXI CENTURY

1.1 The concept of neologisms and their typology

Despite the biased attitude of some linguists towards such a phenomenon as the neologization of a language (the thesis that neologisms «spoil» the vernacular), the replenishment of vocabulary is a historically inevitable process necessary for a language to meet the needs of society at each stage of its development. in communication, and in consolidating the results of cognition of reality, in the development and enrichment of the culture of the people. The process of cognition of the world, the emergence of new concepts, changes in social life, progress in science and technology are ongoing, which requires the language to provide speakers with the necessary number of new lexical units. a large number of new words appear annually in the English language, this requires researchers not only to record, but also to analyze them.

Having studied the research of innovative vocabulary, we can state that scientists have not yet reached unanimity in interpreting the concept of «neologism» and comprehending its features. Researcher N. Shansky believes that neologisms can be called new words that appeared due to the need to name new objects, and also notes that their important feature is that before that they were not yet in common use [20]. V. Gak classifies as one of the main signs of neologism that a new word is already fixed in society and is commonly used [8].

Scientist S. Alatortseva, who studied innovative vocabulary, believes that neologisms should be called new lexical units of the language stock, which are neoplasms, as well as those words that have not been distributed in society for a long time, but in a specific period have become relevant again [1]. Consequently, all scientists argue that neologisms can be easily distinguished from other lexical units, because they are endowed with a touch of freshness and novelty, as they denote those concepts that have arisen recently and are still unknown to everyone.

Some classifications of neologisms are traditional. This is the distribution of neologisms according to the method of their formation, according to stylistic coloring. Others rely on features that are unique to these linguistic units [25]. Usually there are four types of classification of neologisms [23]:

I. By type of language unit.

1) neolexemes — new words that are the result of borrowing;

2) neophrazems — new stable combinations of words with idiomatic semantics;

3) neosemes — new meanings of old words.

II. According to the degree of novelty of the language unit.

1) absolute neologisms (strong) — words that were previously absent in the language;

2) relative neologisms (weak) — fundamentally not new words, i.e. lexical units that once existed, but at the present stage already act in a different way. This also includes the so-called «internal borrowings», which are redistribution in the types and genres of speech, for example, WI-FI (Wireless Fidelity) — a wireless data transmission technology that combines several protocols. Initially, the term, having arisen among specialists in the field of information technology, eventually began to be actively used by users, that is, it moved from a specialized sublanguage to a common usage.

III. According to the type of realia noted.

1) designate new realia;

2) old realia;

3) updated reality;

4) disappearing reality;

5) non-existent (hypothetical) reality.

IV. By way of formation.

1) borrowed (divided into external and internal borrowings);

2) word-formation (formed according to word-formation models);

3) semantic (new meanings of lexical units).

There is a peculiar typology of neologisms in the works of V.I. Zabotkina [10]. The author in the vocabulary of neologisms highlights:

1) Rethinking or semantic innovation — a word may have a new meaning; The formation of neologisms by rethinking words to name some already known concept occurs, probably due to the need to highlight one of the qualities of a particular concept that was not previously displayed in the verbal name, or to designate stylistic and various kinds of emotional and evaluative shades of a particular concept or object.

For example, the word driver, in addition to the direct specific meaning, is used in the meaning of «control program», the word abnormal in modern English has the connotative meaning «emergency», the word house is used in the new meaning «house music», blue is used in the meaning of «sad; bread — «money» instead of the main meaning.

2) Renaming or transnomination — a word may have a new form with an already known meaning (neologism is a synonym for an already existing word): houtie (black man); big C (cancer); sudsier (soap opera).

Transnominations appear in the language in order to give a new name and reflect the trend towards the use of more expressive forms. As you know, not always and not necessarily a new word appears in the language as a result of the emergence of a new concept or object. An already existing concept, an object can be called a new word, which either expresses their essence more clearly, deeper and more correctly, or mainly arises from stylistic needs to communicate expressive-emotional-evaluative shades. In linguistic literature they are sometimes called stylistic neologisms.

Actually neologism — has a new form and new meaning: thought processor — a computer that logically builds and develops ideas; bio-computer — a computer that simulates the nervous system of living organisms; audiotyping — computer typing by ear.