Контрольная работа на тему Английский язык

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1. ORIGINAL ARTICLE. 3

2. SUMMARY.. 9

3. SYNOPSIS. 10

4. GLOSSARY.. 19

5. REFERENCES. 21

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1. ORIGINAL
ARTICLE

Blockchain in
Logistics – Will It Change the Industry?

Since its first implementation with bitcoin
back in 2008, blockchain has shown extreme promise to upend a number of
industries – and most recently, the industry in the spotlight has been
transport and logistics. In December, logistics leader UPS joined the
Blockchain in Transport Alliance. In January, Maersk and IBM announced their
intention to form a blockchain joint venture. And in February, Warren Buffet’s
BNSF Railway joined the Blockchain in Transport Alliance as the first of seven
major railroads to do so.

To understand more about this industry
transition, Transmetrics’ Co-Founder and CCO Anna Shaposhnikova spoke with
Martijn Siebrand, expert and advisor in blockchain technology in Supply Chains.

ANNA: The first question for you today…
Blockchain is a relatively new technology. Could you please introduce, in
short, the history of blockchain, when and how it appeared – and in which
industry? Also, what were the reasons it was created in the first place?

“Put simply, blockchain is an open ledger of
transactions that is distributed among computers in a given network. Since
everyone on the shared blockchain has access to the same ledger of
transactions, there is complete transparency making it impossible for users to
trick the system.”

MARTIJN: The first product of blockchain was
bitcoin, which, to date, still remains the best example of blockchain in
practice. The inventor of bitcoin actually wanted to exclude banks from the
financial system, and developed blockchain as a way to do this. When a
transaction occurs, 51% of devices on the network must verify and confirm the transaction
as valid, which thereby eliminates the need for a third party control – which,
in the case of bitcoin, for example, means banks.

ANNA: So, bitcoin was the first use case of
blockchain. But what other blockchain products exist now, and in which cases
they are applied?

MARTIJN: At first, we saw a lot of activities
where people were using the bitcoin protocol to build other blockchain
solutions, but now, most blockchain products are being built using other
protocols like Ethereum, which is known for its “smart contracts.” A smart
contract is a program/software that allows you to make all kinds of rules and
Softline codes – such as “if X happens then Z appears” – that automate the
execution of a transaction if and when all of the set criteria are met. Lately,
we’ve seen a lot of products being created with smart contracts, and even some
big companies are using them internally to reduce administration costs by
giving everyone access to the same information – a historic struggle for the
logistics industry.

These smart contracts are particularly
interesting for logistics because, without the help of a trusted party, you can
automatically execute supply chain activities. As soon as you have a single
ledger of information visible to all parties, processes become much more
efficient and move faster, which can help reduce their cost. Most blockchain
solutions that you see right now are permission-based with predefined ecosystem
partners, and are created for reducing the cost, eliminating paperwork and
gaining efficiency. And while smart contracts are perfect for logistics, their
implementation in the industry is still in its early stages.

ANNA: Can you elaborate a bit more on what you
mean by the technology being in its early stages?

MARTIJN: What I mean by that is that it is very
similar to the early days of the internet and intranet. Most of the blockchain
solutions in logistics these days, such as that of IBM and Maersk, for
example,  use closed, permission-based
blockchains – just as the intranet was once used to limit access to a closed
network. This type of solution is currently being used for various purposes
within finance, where it is important to ask permission from the owner before
joining the blockchain network.

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SUMMARY

Beirut’s Municipality Deals Another Blow to the City’s
Green Space

At a meeting the Lebanese Cabinet adopted a decree aimed at restoring
illegal buildings to proper condition on a plot of land on the outskirts of
Beirut’s largest forest park, Horsh Beirut. The reason for this was the
decision of the Beirut Municipal Council to change the zoning of the site,
which would allow the construction of buildings. In an interview with the
French-language daily L’Orient Le Jour, Jamal Itani, the current mayor of
Beirut, said that the decree concerned an area that was not part of the park
itself. To Muhammad Abu, president of Nahnoo, a Lebanese
non-governmental organization that advocates for public spaces, these arguments
do not seem at all convincing.

This is not the first time that Horsh Beirut has been threatened by
development. A recent decision by the municipality to build a field hospital
inside the Horshah of Beirut caused a wave of outrage among civil society
representatives. Yielding to the demonstrations, the Beirut Municipality froze
construction. However, under political pressure, he returned to his original
position after only a week, voting nine votes against and thirteen votes in
favor, thus giving permission to continue the planned construction.

The Lebanese capital
is not the only city suffering from high temperatures in the summer and a lack
of green areas. And Barcelona, Spain’s second most populous city, is in dire
need of green spaces to counteract the heat island effect, cope with air pollution
and noise levels, and generally improve the quality of life of its inhabitants.
That’s why the city has drawn up a plan for a greening program with the goal of
doubling the number of trees in the city, increasing the area of parks by
two-thirds, and providing each resident with an additional square meter of
green space. The city plan, which will see 108 acres of new green space by 2019
and more than 400 acres by 2030 — is an original model that could benefit other
cities as well. In particular, the municipality of Barcelona plans to create ‘green
corridors’ to connect the existing parks of the city, the introduction of green
spaces in the courtyards of the largest buildings and the introduction of ‘green
roofs’

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