Часть дипломной работы на тему Means of Modality Expression in the English Language (Based on Modern Newspaper Texts)

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………. 4
CHAPTER 1. THE
THEORY OF MODALITY IN  THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE 7
1.1. The Concept of Modality and Its Categories
in Modern English…………… 7
1.2. Types and Forms of Modality in English………………………………………… 10
1.2.1. The Expression of Necessity,
Responsibility, Obligation………………… 14
1.2.2. The Expression of
Permission, Ability, Possibility, Need………………… 17
1.2.3. The Expression of
Desire, Intention, Determination……………………….. 20
1.3. Lexical Structure and
Classification of Modal Words………………………… 23
1.4. Summary of Results…………………………………………………………………….. 26
CHAPTER 2. THE
USAGE OF MODAL VERBS IN  ENGLISH
NEWSPAPERS 29
2.1. Analysis of Means of
Implementing the Modality Category in 
Journalistic Style…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
2.2. Types of Modality in Journalistic Discourse……………………………………. 33
2.3. Results and Discussion…………………………………………………………………. 45
CHAPTER 3. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE OF THE RESEARCH
RESULTS IN MODERN ENGLISH…………………………………………………………………………. 47
3.1. Practical Usage of the Research Results in
English Language……………… 47
3.2. Practical Usage of the
Research Results in Newspaper Articles………….. 56
3.3 Results and
Recommendations……………………………………………………….. 64
CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………………. 67
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………. 69
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………………………. 69

Введение:

In linguistics, modular
action words and expressions are quite possibly the most questionable lexical
and linguistic category and have drawn in the consideration of researchers
since the second 50% of the 20 century.

Modality is a practical
and semantic class that mirrors the speaker’s demeanor to the substance of his
expression, the reason for his expression, just as the connection of the
substance of the judgment to the real world and is communicated by different
lexical and linguistic means, like structure and mind-set, modular action
words, and so on The classification of modality is a language all
inclusive and is recognized as one of the principle classifications of
language.

Modality expects the
importance of an assertion, a request, a longing, a supposition, a certainty, a
chance, an inclination for playing out an activity, a request, a falsity, etc.

Modals, it should be
recalled, pass on more than one importance, and their uses at times mostly
cross-over. This is unquestionably one reason which make them hard to dominate.

The topic of modality,
its linguistic status, kinds of modular implications, and methods of
communicating modular relations keeps on being discussed. In such manner,
individual modular qualities have not gotten an unambiguous and severe
definition, specifically, the modular worth of plausibility and difficulty. The
modality of plausibility and
difficulty and the methods of its demeanor in semantic science have not yet
accepted their profound and careful turn of events, albeit this classification
involves a significant spot during the time spent insight of the goal world.

The relevance of this work is because of the
requirement for a thorough hypothetical thought of the classification of modality, the method for its
appearance, the systematization of modular words and the assurance of their
status.

The object of the postulation work is
modular action words and words in the English language as the vitally lexical
method for communicating modality.

The subject of the research is the
eccentricities of the utilization of modular action words in the English
language on the case of paper articles of various sorts.

The objective of the paper is to distinguish
the points of interest of the utilization of modular action words in English
papers.

As per the motivation
behind the work, the accompanying tasks
are set:

— give the idea of modality;

— decide the
embodiment, highlights and principle elements of the modality class;

— portray modular
action words and depict modular words as method for communicating certainty;

— consider the
utilization of modular words and modular action words in English paper articles
of different sorts;

— dissect the points of
interest of their use in articles of various sorts.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the postulation work
is crafted by both Russian and unfamiliar language specialists on broad
etymology and English sentence structure.

For breaking down
material, the accompanying methods are utilized:
elucidating investigation, near examination, factual investigation.

The work comprises of
contents, introduction, presentation, theoretical chapter, practical chapter,
integration, conclusion, references and appendix.

The theoretical chapter
contains data concerning what is modality and what are the hypotheses of modality; types and elements of
the utilization of English modular action words and modular words.

The practical chapter
contains an investigation of the recurrence of utilization of modular action
words and modular words in English in current paper articles, the elements of
their utilization.

All in all, a synopsis
of the aftereffects of the work done in this postulation is given: which
modular action words are utilized more frequently than others, what is the
justification for such utilization of action words, how regularly they can be
found in English and German papers.

The rundown of
references incorporates writing, just as electronic assets (English papers)
that were utilized in the proposal work.

The practical significance of the work is
dictated by the likelihood to consider the aftereffects of the review as a
fragmentary piece of an extensive investigation of the practical semantic
classification of modality and the method for language portrayal that make up
its parts. This generally decides the extent of viable use of this proposal,
the materials of which can be utilized over the span of present day English, in
uncommon seminars on the issues of modality.

The hypothetical and
strategic premise of the work was the examination works of both Russian and
unfamiliar etymologists on punctuation, rationale, sentence structure and
general issues of language, like V. V. Vinogradov, G. A. Weichman, Ch. Bally,
V. N. Zhigadlo, I. P. Ivanova, L. I. Iofik, K. N. Kachalova, I. P. Krylova, and
others.

Заключение:

CONCLUSIONS

The study of the main
means and ways of expressing various categories of modality in English is relevant
for the following reason: today in linguistics there are many opinions regarding the situation
with the utilitarian semantic class of modality and the primary method for its
demeanor. Note that the idea of modality is utilized in different sciences, particularly
in rationale and etymology, which makes some disarray with respect to
legitimate and etymological modalities. In modular rationale, modality is
characterized as the connection of a sentence to true reality, either based on
its method of presence (plausibility, factuality, need), or based on whether it
is valid or bogus.

The idea of modality in
etymology appears to be obscure and opens up various potential definitions.
Etymological modality is characterized as a practical (semantic) classification
that communicates the demeanor of the expression to reality-illusion, as per
the speaker. The speaker-arranged nature of modality in semantics recognizes it
from modality in rationale.

In the domain of
linguistics, a similar sentence according to the speaker’s perspective
addresses the circumstance as a reality, hence, the kind of modality is the
modality of the real world. Stress that linguistics doesn’t manage reality or
lie of proclamations that must be demonstrated observationally, that is, tentatively,
and don’t have an arrangement of etymological means for communicating them. It
is important to underline by and by that the etymological modality is related
with reality-illusion, as the speaker gets it. As per this understanding, news
coverage alludes to etymological reality. In any case, modalities in rationale
and linguistics are intently, though by implication, related as far as their
semantics, however this is past the extent of this work.

In the course of the
analysis, we identified the main groups of modal meanings: obligatory,
possibility, assumption.

The verbs must,
should, to have to are used to express the obligatory nature, the most
frequent of which is the verb should. This is due to the fact that this
verb expresses a softer meaning of obligation, reducing it to an insistent
wish, and, accordingly, has a greater impact on the audience.

Modular action words
signifying the capacity, the capacity to play out any activity are can, may,
have the option to. To communicate a chance, creators regularly utilize the
action word can (68 utilizations). Can communicates predominantly an overall
chance, and at times has a hint of presumption. In socio-political texts, when
utilizing the modular action word can, the assessment of the creator himself can
be followed. Moreover, in political articles, the use of two modal verbs is often
traced, referring to the same semantic verb. The expression be able to
denotes only the ability to perform an action in a particular situation and in
this sense is the equivalent of the verb can. We can conclude that,
using the modal expression be able to, the author expresses confidence
in his statement, convincing the reader of the validity of his point of view.
Such statements are distinguished by dryness and clarity of presentation. It
often has a negative connotation.

The verbs must,
may, might appear in the meaning of the assumption. These verbs are not
interchangeable. Must expresses an assumption bordering on certainty,
while may indicates the author’s uncertainty in his statement. Might in
the meaning of speculation indicates a large degree of doubt. According to the
results of the study, we see that the modal verb may in the meaning of
an assumption has a more frequent manifestation in comparison with the verb must.
The modal verb may indicates the dubiousness of the information, of
course, the author gives an emotional assessment and thus has an emotional
impact on the reader. It can be argued that this verb contributes to a more
vivid acceptance of the author’s point of view compared to the verb must,
which explains the breadth of its use. Based on the above, we can conclude that
modal verbs are important explicators of the author’s assessment in political
discourse. The author’s goal is to influence the reader, convince him of the
legitimacy of his point of view and encourage further action. When describing a
situation, the authors use modal verbs to express approval, disapproval,
criticism, confidence or doubt, thereby making messages emotionally charged.

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER 1. THE THEORY
OF MODALITY IN
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1.1. The Concept of Modality and
Its Categories in Modern English The primary meaning of
modality is found in 1969 in the linguistic word reference of O. S. Akhmanova [3], which
considers modality as a reasonable class
with the significance of the relationship of the speaker to the substance of
the expression and the relationship of the answered to its genuine execution,
communicated by different lexical and syntactic means, like structure and
temperament, modular action words, and so on

The word reference of
semantic terms (1969) likewise separates modality by types:

• hypothetical (suppositional) modality,
which assumes that the content of an utterance is assumed;

• verbal modality — modality expressed by
a verb;

• unreal modality — representation of the
content of the utterance as impossible, impracticable;

• negative modality — representation of
the content of a statement as inconsistent with reality.

The idea of modality in semantics returns
to modality in traditional
rationale, where modality is related with different kinds of decisions. The
originator of the hypothesis of modality is viewed as V. V. Vinogradov; his works dedicated to
this issue (for instance, "About the class of modality and modular words in
Russian"), stays significant for etymologists right up ’til the present
time.

Vinogradov considered modality an emotional objective
class and considered it an essential piece of the proposition, its productive
element. Any whole verbalization of thought, feeling, or motivation, reflecting
reality in some kind of articulation, is wearing one of the current sound plans
in this language system sentences and conveys one of those syntactic
ramifications, which completely structure the arrangement of methodology [13].

In this manner,
objective modality communicates the connection of the answered to reality for
example the reality of the truth is seen as really existing or as alluring or
conceivable. It has 2 linguistic implications: genuine (a dependable truth, a
genuine reality the demonstrative state of mind of the action word) and
stunning modality (an unbelievable
truth, attractive or conceivable under specific conditions — the objective and
subjunctive temperament of the action)

E.g. “We can listen to the lecture”. —
indicative mood, a real modality [2].

E.g. “I’d like to go to the movies”. —
subjunctive mood, an unreal modality [Ibid].

Emotional modality
communicates the speaker’s very own mentality, to what he is talking about. It
is carried out utilizing pitch, modular words, just as particles and
contributions. The emotional modality communicates an evaluation of potential occasions.
Its design likewise incorporates the semantics of uncertainty and delay. There
is an exceptional logical discipline that arrangements with the issues of
conviction, likelihood, assurance, certainty, just as the issues of
uncertainty, inconsistency, vulnerability, vulnerability — this is the
hypothesis of epistemic modality. The modality of the supposition that is with the epistemic modality in the connection of
the part and the entire, for example the modality of the supposition
that is essential for the epistemic modality. Modular words are viewed as an average method of
communicating emotional modality.

E.g. “She may still be in college” [17].

Vinogradov likewise
distinguished:

1. Primary modality – the connection of an
assertion to the real world.

2. The secondary
modality is
the speaker’s connection to the expression. This incorporates allure,
probability, reasonability, and different evaluations of the activity. This
sort of modality is called auxiliary,
since it doesn’t really influence the construction of the sentence.