Аттестационная работа (ИАР/ВАР) на тему Виды переводческих трансформаций, способствующих достижению различных уровней эквивалентности перевода, на примере произведения Дж. Р. Р. Толкина «Властелин Колец» / Types of translation transformations proposing the achievement of different levels of translation equivalence on the example of work by J. R. R. Tolkien «The Lord of the Rings»

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION 3

CHAPTER 1. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE AS A MEASURE OF ITS ADEQUACY 5

1.1 The Notion of «Equivalent» and «Non-equivalent» Vocabulary 5

1.2 Translation Transformations and Their Types 11

1.3 Ways to Achieve The equivalence of a Lexeme in the Process of its Transfer from English into Russian 17

1.4 Summary of Results 24

CHAPTER 2. TRANSFERRING OF MULTI-LEVEL VOCABULARY IN A LITERARY WORK’S TRANSLATION (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE NOVEL «THE LORD OF THE RINGS» BY J.R.R. TOLKIEN) 26

2.1. The Process of Transferring Fully Equivalent Vocabulary 26

2.2 The Process of Transferring Partially Equivalent Vocabulary 31

2.3 The Process of Transferring Non-equivalent Vocabulary 36

2.4 Results and Discussion 41

CHAPTER 3. AREAS OF IMPLEMENTING RESEARCH RESULTS 46

3.1 Practical Relevance of the Research Results in the Field of Stylistics 46

3.2 Practical Relevance of the Research Results in the Field of Lexicology 49

3.3 Practical Relevance of the Research Results in the Field of Translation Studies 53

3.4 Results and Recommendations 57

CONCLUSION 61

REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX 70

Введение:

The topic of this work is the study of lexical transformations used to achieve textual adequacy and equivalence when translating from one language to another. This issue is so important and relevant that it requires special consideration.

Relevance of the work. Many famous translation experts studied translation transformations, their types and implementation specifics, especially V.N. Komissarov, R.K. Minyar-Biloruchev, L.S. Barkhudarov, Y.I. Retzker, A.D. Schweitzer et al. However, there is no consensus among scientists on the concept of «translational transformation».

Lexical translation transformations are necessary because the meaning ranges of the lexical units of the source and translated languages rarely overlap over the entire meaning range. Despite the relatively young age of translation theory or translation studies as a science, there are many works devoted to lexical transformation. This is not surprising, as this aspect is one of the core aspects and understanding its theoretical underpinnings is extremely important for any translator’s work to achieve equivalence, which is the relevance of this study.

The research object of this work is lexical transformation in the translation of literature texts. The subject of this study is the use of lexical transformations for equivalence specificity in the translation of English literary texts.

Objective of the work: To study the function of transformation during translation and analyse the specific way of its expression. The objective set determine the need to perform the following tasks:

1. To analyse the notion of «equivalent» and «non-equivalent» vocabulary;

2. To define translation transformations and their types;

3. To describe the ways to achieve the equivalence of a lexeme in the process of its transfer from English into Russian;

4. To analyse the process of transferring fully equivalent, partially equivalent and non-equivalent vocabulary in the novel «The Lord of the Rings» by J.R.R. Tolkien;

5. To make recommendations for using the obtained results in the various studying.

The research is based on the problem of a combination of different functional styles and genres in the texts, a large number of neologisms and terms. Therefore, it is very often necessary to turn to means of translation, in which the content of the original remains unchanged, and only the lexical forms of its expression change.

Methods of the study include analytical and synthetic methods, comparative analysis, systematisation and classification, generalisation.

In the context of work the following authors was studied: V.N. Komissarov, R.K. Minyar-Biloruchev, L.S. Barkhudarov, Y.I. Retzker, A.D. Schweitzer et al.

The material under research includes excerpts from J.R.R. Tolkien’s «Lord of the Rings» in order to serve as illustrative research material and in the process of analysis.

The study consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusions, references and appendices.

 

Заключение:

As a result of this study, in the work was identified the characteristics of translations of works in the fantasy genre based on material from J. R. R. Tolkien’s novel The Lord of the Rings. Special attention was paid to the analysis of aspects of fantasy literature that are difficult to translate, such as the author’s vocabulary (represented by quasi-reality) and artificial language.

The study of the theoretical material on the history of the fantasy genre, its classification and related literary directions allows us to identify the most common features of the works of this genre. After all, the strong influence of folk epics, fairy tales, adventure and chivalric fiction directly influenced the genre and character traits of fantasy works. Plot and imagery can come from different eras and cultures, and this defines the distinction between national fantasy. In the Lord of the Rings novels, also find the influence of Scandinavian culture and the author’s native English, but it would be wrong to call this work country-specific, because the characters are not related to a specific real country or countries.

This novel is considered an advanced, classic and epic fantasy, which in turn defines the writing style of the work. It is important to retain the character traits of any author or individual work for a complete translation, so familiarity with the history and characteristics of the genre is also necessary. A key element of any fantasy genre is the fictional aspect of reality, which is created by the author’s imagination and has no analogues in the real world. They serve the same function as reality in our world as fictional worlds and specific realities of individual peoples, and are therefore called «quasi-realities». Such a terminological item can be found in any fantasy work, but in J. R. R. Tolkien’s novels there are an unusually large number of them.

Considering this degree of saturation and the originality of the way of creating these quasi-realities, they received their own name — «Tolkienism». The vocabulary of Tolkien’s authors has been studied not only by literary scholars, but also by scholars of translation, because these words form a separate ecological niche of non-reciprocal words, which creates difficulties in the process of translation. The details of the formation and operation of Tolkien’s meanings, which has enabled us to consider in more detail the way they are translated. The author’s book Tolkien’s Compass learned about the origins and meanings of certain names in the novel. Many of the proper names are obviously eloquent, but a considerable number of them also have hidden meanings, achieved through the use of old English forms and some other languages. An important place in the work is occupied by artificial languages, whose use is also analyzed in terms of the functions they perform in the novel.

It should be noted that the three different writing systems (Tengvar, Latin, Cyrillic) encountered by the translator in the process of processing the novel also affect the translation decision: Tengvar remains unchanged, while Latin is transcoded into Cyrillic. The translation of the novel itself in the artificial language can be translated into Russian or included in the commentary.

From our analysis of the works it is clear that even the differences in the use of ordinary (English) language are the result of the author’s language operating in the fictional world. Therefore, the translation of fantasy works is a rather difficult task, since they are characterized by a large number of non-reciprocal words, as well as by a layering of various influences and sources, a mixture of genres and styles.

The key elements of a successful translation of a fantasy work are, first and foremost, the preservation of the author’s unique style and the stylistic originality of the work, as well as the transfer of its discursive load. Therefore, the prospect of further research lies in considering in more detail the methods of transferring some of the elements responsible for the formation of the listed components.

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER 1. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE AS A MEASURE OF ITS ADEQUACY

1.1 The Notion of «Equivalent» and «Non-equivalent» Vocabulary

It is logically assumed that in the process of translation, it is necessary to understand the source text, find the appropriate means of translation, and study aspects of formal appropriateness, semantic load and perception of the translation by the target audience.

The first stage of the translation process is the perception of the text, which is a complex process of mental activity, i.e., the analysis and synthesis of information. This is not only the complete understanding of the original text, but also the perception of its image and emotional impact [8, p. 19].

The second stage is the transmission of the text in another language, which is also a complex process of analysis and synthesis that takes place in the translator’s mind. The translator decodes the expressive and semantic information and then reproduces and recodes this information in the form of material units in the target language; the final stage of this phase is the translation recognition process [Ibid. p. 20].

Secondary texts are large texts created on the basis of purposeful rethinking of the primary sources in the communicative process, and are complex communicative alternatives in various linguistic and cultural contexts. The requirement of communicative equivalence between the original text and its new textual form means that the original text is transferred to a new communicative context while maintaining its semantic and formal universality.

However, the presence of indirect subjective connections, spatial-temporal and stylistic factors of the text significantly complicates the task of equally reproducing the communicative effects of the original text [12, p. 80]. Unlike untranslatable texts, primary and secondary texts should be characterized first of all by functional equivalence.

The establishment of functional equivalence between primary and secondary texts begins with the definition of content elements and their functions in the original text. The successful transfer of the functions of content units of primary and secondary texts depends on their purpose, i.e. on the presence of similar stylistic devices. Functional equivalence exists when the stylistic markings of two comparative units are identical and based on the context [9, p. 20].

Therefore, according to the marked/unmarked parameter, the more units of the primary text correspond/do not correspond to the units of the secondary text, the more likely it is to talk about the secondary text, which is functionally equivalent to the primary text, and, therefore, about the psycho-emotional reaction of the reader of the secondary text, which can be equivalent to the psycho-emotional reaction of the reader of the primary text [61].

In any language system, non-equivalents have an important place. They are the cultural components of lexical meaning. Without an understanding of the nature and characteristics of these lexical positions, it is impossible to accurately translate a text from one language to another. The Cambridge English Dictionary gives the following definition of the term «equivalence»: «It is something that is the same in quantity, value, purpose, etc.» [38].

To consider the causes of lexical inequivalence, it is first turn to the recognition of the existence of «gaps» between languages and cultures.

Culture creates the environment in which people exist, live, think and communicate. It is the so-called «glue» that binds a group of people together, a collective identity to which all belong. Being immersed in another country’s culture and understanding its value system is not only informative, but also important for translators. People learning a foreign language tend to introduce concepts from their native language and culture, but this can lead to certain misunderstandings when communicating with representatives of another language. This is why, in order to prevent such misunderstandings, it is necessary to identify the factors that create and form non-reciprocal elements such as linguistic gaps.